Advancements in Materials Science and Technology Led by Women

266 Pages·2023·8.154 MB·English

by  Azman Ismail, Fatin Nur Zulkipli, Husna Sarirah Husin, Andreas Öchsner

Advanced Structured Materials
Azman Ismail
Fatin Nur Zulkipli
Husna Sarirah Husin
Andreas Öchsner   Editors
Advancements in
Materials Science
and Technology
Led by Women
Advanced Structured Materials
Volume 165
Series Editors
Andreas Öchsner, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Esslingen University of
Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
Lucas F. M. da Silva, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Holm Altenbach , Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Otto von Guericke
University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
Common engineering materials are reaching their limits in many applications, and
new developments are required to meet the increasing demands on engineering mate-
rials. The performance of materials can be improved by combining different materials
to achieve better properties than with a single constituent, or by shaping the material
or constituents into a specific structure. The interaction between material and struc-
ture can occur at different length scales, such as the micro, meso, or macro scale,
and offers potential applications in very different fields.
This book series addresses the fundamental relationships between materials and
their structure on overall properties (e.g., mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical,
or magnetic properties, etc.). Experimental data and procedures are presented, as
well as methods for modeling structures and materials using numerical and analyt-
ical approaches. In addition, the series shows how these materials engineering and
design processes are implemented and how new technologies can be used to optimize
materials and processes.
Advanced Structured Materials is indexed in Google Scholar and Scopus.
· ·
Azman Ismail Fatin Nur Zulkipli
·
Husna Sarirah Husin Andreas Öchsner
Editors
Advancements in Materials
Science and Technology Led
by Women
Editors
Azman Ismail Fatin Nur Zulkipli
Centre for Women Advancement Faculty of Information Management
and Leadership Universiti Teknologi MARA
Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Machang, Kelantan, Malaysia
Institute of Marine Engineering Technology
Lumut, Perak, Malaysia Andreas Öchsner
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Husna Sarirah Husin Esslingen University of Applied Sciences
Centre for Women Advancement Esslingen, Germany
and Leadership
Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian
Institute of Marine Engineering Technology
Lumut, Perak, Malaysia
ISSN 1869-8433 ISSN 1869-8441 (electronic)
Advanced Structured Materials
ISBN 978-3-031-21958-0 ISBN 978-3-031-21959-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21959-7
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2023
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Preface
This book is a noteworthy series of works authored by women from diverse research
areas and expertise. This book contains research papers from fundamental, experi-
mental, and empirical studies in the fields of mechanical engineering and materials
science which are included in this book series. Methods for modelling data, struc-
tures and materials using numerical and analytical techniques are described along
with experimental data and methodologies.
Lumut, Malaysia Azman Ismail
Machang, Malaysia Fatin Nur Zulkipli
Lumut, Malaysia Husna Sarirah Husin
Esslingen, Germany Andreas Öchsner
v
Contents
1 Review: Role of Nanoparticles Growth and Alleviation
of Abiotic Stress in Plants ...................................... 1
Shamini Janasekaran, Bassem Farouk Ghorab,
Mohamed Al Askari, Marawan Hisham Saad, Habib Ullah Khan,
and Abdulla Haroun Idriss
1.1 Introduction ............................................. 2
1.2 Nanoparticles of Metals ................................... 4
1.2.1 Gold (Au) ....................................... 4
1.2.2 Silver (Ag) ....................................... 5
1.2.3 Copper (Cu) ..................................... 6
1.3 Possible Abiotic Stresses in Plants and Their Treatment
with Nanoparticles ....................................... 7
1.3.1 Drought ......................................... 7
1.3.2 Flooding ........................................ 8
1.3.3 Salinity .......................................... 8
1.4 Conclusion .............................................. 9
References .................................................... 10
2 Performance of Fibreglass Mat and Woven for Prosthetic Leg
Socket Application ............................................ 13
Wan Nursheila Wan Jusoh, Mohd Yusoff Mohd Haris,
Nurhayati Mohd Nur, Khairul Dahri Mohd Aris,
Muhammad Amir Ihsan Basri, and Mohd Izhwan Maidu
2.1 Introduction ............................................. 14
2.2 Methodology ............................................ 15
2.2.1 Material ......................................... 15
2.2.2 Fabrication of Composite Split-Mould ............... 16
2.2.3 Fabrication of Composite Leg Socket ................ 17
2.2.4 Tensile Strength Test .............................. 18
2.2.5 Static Failure Test ................................. 18
2.3 Results and Discussion .................................... 18
vii
viii Contents
2.3.1 Composite Split-Mould ............................ 18
2.3.2 Composite Leg Socket ............................. 19
2.3.3 Tensile Strength Test Result ........................ 20
2.3.4 Static Failure Test Result ........................... 22
2.4 Conclusion .............................................. 22
References .................................................... 23
3 Investigation of Leakage in Underground Pipelines Using
the Radiotracer Technology .................................... 25
Noraishah Othman, Nolida Yussup, Ahmad Zubair Johan,
Iqmal Zulkarnain Abdul Rahman, and Roslanzairi Mostapa
3.1 Introduction ............................................. 26
3.2 Methodology ............................................ 27
3.2.1 Development of Radiotracer Capsule ................ 27
3.2.2 Radiotracer Experiments ........................... 28
3.3 Results and Discussion .................................... 28
3.3.1 Radiotracer Capsule ............................... 28
3.3.2 Radiotracer Experiments ........................... 29
3.4 Conclusion .............................................. 32
References .................................................... 33
4 General Characteristics of Endophytes and Bioprospecting
Potential of Endophytic Fungi .................................. 35
Md Abu Taher, Woei-Yenn Tong, Chean Ring Leong,
Syarifah Ab Rashid, and Wen-Nee Tan
4.1 Introduction ............................................. 36
4.2 Characteristics of Endophytes .............................. 37
4.2.1 Origin ........................................... 37
4.2.2 Distribution ...................................... 37
4.2.3 Host Plant Interaction ............................. 38
4.3 Endophytic Fungi ........................................ 39
4.4 Natural Products from Endophytic Fungi .................... 41
4.4.1 Antimicrobial Compounds ......................... 42
4.4.2 Anticancer ....................................... 42
4.4.3 Antidiabetic ...................................... 43
4.4.4 Antioxidant ...................................... 44
4.4.5 Immunosuppressive ............................... 44
4.5 Conclusion .............................................. 46
References .................................................... 46
5 Biochar-Based Graphitic Carbon Nitride Derived
from Biomass Waste for Degradation of Pyrene .................. 51
Noor Aina Mohd Nazri,
Syarifah Nurhusna Qadirah Syed Abd Halim, and Sabrina Karim
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 52
5.2 Methodology ............................................ 53
Contents ix
5.3 Results and Discussion .................................... 54
5.4 Conclusion .............................................. 59
References .................................................... 61
6 Response Surface Methodology for the Optimisation
of a 96-Well Microtitre Plate Coagulation Activity Assay .......... 63
Farah Salma Baharudin, Mussarat Saleem,
and Robert Thomas Bachmann
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 64
6.2 Methodology ............................................ 65
6.2.1 Synthetic Turbid Water Samples .................... 65
6.2.2 Preparation of Coagulant Solutions .................. 65
6.2.3 Development of the 96-Well MTP Coagulation
Activity Assay ................................... 66
6.2.4 Experimental Design using RSM .................... 67
6.2.5 Coagulation Activity of M. Oleifera Coagulant ........ 69
6.2.6 Statistical Analysis ................................ 69
6.3 Results and Discussion .................................... 69
6.3.1 Statistical Analysis ................................ 69
6.3.2 Process Analysis of the MTP Coagulation Activity
Assay ........................................... 72
6.3.3 MTP Coagulation Activity Assay Optimisation
and Model Verification ............................ 74
6.3.4 MTP Coagulation Activity Assay with Crude
M. Oleifera Seed Extracts .......................... 76
6.4 Conclusion .............................................. 77
References .................................................... 77
7 Nutrient Recovery from Anaerobic Palm Oil Mill Effluent
Using Palm Kernel Shell Biochar and Deoiled Spent Bleaching
Earth and Their Effect on Oil Palm Growth ..................... 81
Nur Maisarah Ahmad, Nurul Shafinah Foo, Soh Kheang Loh,
Khaliesah Abbas, Siew Kooi Ong, Nazatulshima Hassan,
Abbas Fadhl Mubarek Al-Karkhi, Mustapha Mohammed Bello,
and Robert Thomas Bachmann
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 82
7.2 Methodology ............................................ 84
7.2.1 Materials ........................................ 84
7.2.2 Preparation of Nutrient-Enriched Sorbents ............ 84
7.2.3 Nursery Trial ..................................... 85
7.2.4 Analytical Techniques ............................. 88
7.3 Results and Discussion .................................... 89
7.3.1 Nutrient Recovery ................................ 89
7.3.2 Effect of Nutrient-Enriched Sorbents on Soil
Properties ....................................... 93
x Contents
7.3.3 Effect of Nutrient-Enriched Sorbents on Growth
of Oil Palm Seedlings ............................. 96
7.3.4 Comparison of Soil Treatment Performance .......... 98
7.3.5 Plant Health by Leaf Colour Data Analysis ........... 100
7.4 Conclusion .............................................. 101
References .................................................... 101
8 Red Tilapia By-Product (Oreochromis Sp.) Hydrolysates:
Bioactivities, Bioprocessing, and Potential Applications ........... 105
Emmy Liza Anak Yaji, Nur Suraya Abdul Wahab,
Norfahana Abd-Talib, Mohammad Zulkeflee Sabri,
Kelly Yong Tau Len, Nadia Razali, and Khairul Faizal Pa’ee
8.1 Introductions to Red Tilapia Production and Its Processing
By-Products ............................................. 106
8.2 Bioactive Peptides ........................................ 109
8.2.1 Antioxidant Peptides .............................. 109
8.2.2 Anticancer Peptides ............................... 112
8.2.3 Antimicrobial Activity ............................. 112
8.2.4 Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme
(ACE)-Inhibitory Peptides ......................... 113
8.3 The Production of ACE-Inhibitory Peptides .................. 115
8.3.1 Microbial Fermentation ............................ 116
8.3.2 Chemical Hydrolysis .............................. 117
8.3.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis ............................. 117
8.4 Purification of Peptides ................................... 118
8.4.1 Ultrafiltration (UF) ................................ 120
8.4.2 Chromatographic Approach ........................ 121
8.5 Red Tilapia By-Product as Protein Precursor
for ACE-Inhibitory Peptides ............................... 123
8.5.1 Amino Acid Compositions of Tilapia By-Products ..... 125
8.6 Future Outlook ........................................... 126
8.7 Conclusions ............................................. 128
References .................................................... 128
9 Microhardness and Process Parameter Optimization
of Friction Stir Welding on an AA5052 Thin Plate ................ 133
Bakhtiar Ariff Baharudin, Mazli Mustapha, Azman Ismail,
Fatin Nur Zulkipli, Fauzuddin Ayob, and Azlan Ahmad
9.1 Introduction ............................................. 134
9.1.1 FSW Developments ............................... 134
9.2 Methodology ............................................ 136
9.2.1 Taguchi’s Method ................................. 136
9.2.2 ANOVA Analysis ................................. 136
9.2.3 S/N Ratio ........................................ 137
9.2.4 Experimental Procedure ........................... 137
9.2.5 Microhardness Measurement ....................... 137