Advanced Wireless Communications & Internet: Future Evolving Technologies, Third Edition

935 Pages·2011·23.49 MB·English

by  Savo G Glisic(auth.)

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ADVANCED WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS &
INTERNET
Advanced Wireless Communications & Internet: Future Evolving Technologies, Third Edition. Savo Glisic.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-71122-4
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ADVANCED WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS &
INTERNET
FUTURE EVOLVING TECHNOLOGIES
Third Edition
SavoGGlisic
UniversityofOulu,Finland
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2011
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Glisic,SavoG.
Advancedwirelesscommunications&Internet:futureevolvingtechnologies/SavoG.Glisic.–3rded.
p.cm.
Summary:“Theconceptofthebookwillbeorganizedwithintheframeworkofwirelessaccesstofutureinternet,
sothatanumberoftopicsabovephysicallayerwillbeadded”–Providedbypublisher.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-71122-4(hardback)
1.Wirelesscommunicationsystems–Technologicalinnovations. 2.Internet.I.Title.
TK5103.2.G5482011
621.384–dc22
2010048265
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
PrintISBN:9780470711224
ePDFISBN:9781119991625
oBookISBN:9781119991632
ePubISBN:9781119991755
Setin9/11ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
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Tomyfamily
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Contents
PrefacetotheThirdEdition xix
1 Fundamentals 1
1.1 4GandtheBookLayout 1
1.2 GeneralStructureof4GSignals 5
1.2.1 AdvancedTimeDivisionMultipleAccess–ATDMA 5
1.2.2 CodeDivisionMultipleAccess–CDMA 5
1.2.3 OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing–OFDM 6
1.2.4 MulticarrierCDMA(MCCDMA) 9
1.2.5 UltraWideBand(UWB)Signal 11
1.3 NextGenerationInternet 16
1.4 CloudComputingandNetworkVirtualization 18
1.5 EconomicsofUtilityComputing 20
1.6 DrawbacksofCloudComputing 22
1.7 WirelessGridsandClouds 24
References 30
2 AdaptiveCoding 35
2.1 AdaptiveandReconfigurableBlockCoding 35
2.2 AdaptiveandReconfigurableConvolutionalCodes 40
2.2.1 PuncturedConvolutionalCodes/CodeReconfigurability 46
2.2.2 MaximumLikelihoodDecoding/ViterbiAlgorithm 47
2.2.3 SystematicRecursiveConvolutionalCodes 50
2.3 ConcatenatedCodeswithInterleavers 51
2.3.1 TheIterativeDecodingAlgorithm 53
2.4 AdaptiveCoding,PracticeandProspects 57
2.5 DistributedSourceCoding 59
2.5.1 ContinuousValuedSource 60
2.5.2 ScalarQuantizationandTrellis-BasedCosetConstruction 63
2.5.3 Trellis-BasedQuantizationandMemorylessCosetConstruction 64
2.5.4 PerformanceExamples 65
Appendix2.1MaximumaPosterioriDetection 69
References 71
3 AdaptiveandReconfigurableModulation 77
3.1 CodedModulation 77
3.1.1 EuclideanDistance 78
3.1.2 ExamplesofTCMSchemes 79
3.1.3 SetPartitioning 82
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3.1.4 RepresentationofTCM 84
3.1.5 TCMwithMultidimensionalConstellation 84
3.2 AdaptiveCodedModulationforFadingChannels 86
3.2.1 MaintainingaFixedDistance 87
3.2.2 InformationRate 88
References 89
4 Space–TimeCoding 93
4.1 DiversityGain 93
4.1.1 Two-BranchTransmitDiversitySchemeWithOneReceiver 95
4.1.2 TwoTransmittersandMReceivers 96
4.2 Space–TimeCoding 98
4.2.1 TheSystemModel 98
4.2.2 TheCaseofIndependentFadeCoefficients 99
4.2.3 RayleighFading 100
4.2.4 DesignCriteriaforRayleighSpace–TimeCodes 101
4.2.5 CodeConstruction 101
4.2.6 ReconfigurationEfficiencyofSpace–TimeCoding 106
4.2.7 DelayDiversity 110
4.3 Space–TimeBlockCodesfromOrthogonalDesigns 112
4.3.1 TheChannelModelandtheDiversityCriterion 112
4.3.2 RealOrthogonalDesigns 112
4.3.3 Space–TimeEncoder 113
4.3.4 TheDiversityOrder 113
4.3.5 TheDecodingAlgorithm 113
4.3.6 LinearProcessingOrthogonalDesigns 114
4.3.7 GeneralizedRealOrthogonalDesigns 114
4.3.8 Encoding 115
4.3.9 TheAlamoutiScheme 115
4.3.10 ComplexOrthogonalDesigns 116
4.3.11 GeneralizedComplexOrthogonalDesigns 116
4.3.12 SpecialCodes 117
4.3.13 PerformanceResults 118
4.4 ChannelEstimationImperfections 122
4.4.1 ChannelEstimator 122
4.5 Quasi-OrthogonalSpace–TimeBlockCodes 123
4.5.1 Decoding 124
4.5.2 DecisionMetric 124
4.6 Space–TimeConvolutionalCodes 127
4.7 AlgebraicSpace–TimeCodes 128
4.7.1 FullSpatialDiversity 130
4.7.2 QPSKModulation 132
4.8 DifferentialSpace–TimeModulation 133
4.8.1 TheEncodingAlgorithm 138
4.8.2 DifferentialDecoding 140
4.9 MultipleTransmitAntennaDifferentialDetectionfromGeneralizedOrthogonal
Designs 142
4.9.1 DifferentialEncoding 142
4.9.2 ReceivedSignal 143
4.9.3 Orthogonality 143
4.9.4 Encoding 144
4.9.5 DifferentialDecoding 144
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4.9.6 ReceivedSignal 146
4.9.7 Demodulation 146
4.9.8 MultipleReceiveAntennas 146
4.9.9 TheNumberofTransmitAntennasLowerthantheNumberofSymbols 146
4.9.10 FinalResult 147
4.9.11 RealConstellationSet 148
4.10 LayeredSpace–TimeCoding 148
4.10.1 ReceiverComplexity 150
4.10.2 GroupInterferenceSuppression 150
4.10.3 SuppressionMethod 151
4.10.4 TheNullSpace 151
4.10.5 Receiver 152
4.10.6 DecisionMetric 152
4.10.7 MultilayeredSpace–TimeCodedModulation 152
4.10.8 DiversityGain 152
4.10.9 AdaptiveReconfigurableTransmitPowerAllocation 153
4.11 ConcatenatedSpace–TimeBlockCoding 157
4.11.1 SystemModel 157
4.11.2 ProductSumDistance 157
4.11.3 ErrorRateBound 158
4.11.4 TheCaseofLowSNR 159
4.11.5 CodeDesign 159
4.12 EstimationofMIMOChannel 165
4.12.1 SystemModel 165
4.12.2 Training 166
4.12.3 PerformanceMeasure 166
4.12.4 Definitions 166
4.12.5 ChannelEstimationError 167
4.12.6 ErrorStatistic 167
4.12.7 Results 168
4.13 Space–TimeCodesforFrequencySelectiveChannels 168
4.13.1 DiversityGainProperties 172
4.13.2 CodingGainProperties 172
4.13.3 Space–TimeTrellisCodeDesign 174
4.14 OptimizationofaMIMOSystem 174
4.14.1 TheChannelModel 174
4.14.2 GainOptimizationBySingularValueDecomposition(SVD) 176
4.14.3 TheGeneral(M,N)Case 179
4.14.4 GainOptimizationByIterationForaReciprocalChannel 180
4.14.5 SpectralEfficiencyofParallelChannels 180
4.14.6 Capacityofthe(M,N)Array 182
4.15 MIMOSystemswithConstellationRotation 182
4.15.1 SystemModel 182
4.15.2 PerformanceinaRayleighFadingChannel 184
4.16 DiagonalAlgebraicSpace–TimeBlockCodes 187
4.16.1 SystemModel 187
4.16.2 TheDASTCodingAlgorithm 188
4.16.3 TheDASTDecodingAlgorithm 189
Appendix4.1QRFactorization 192
Appendix4.2LatticeCodeDecoderforSpace–TimeCodes 194
Appendix4.3MIMOChannelCapacity 195
References 200
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5 MultiuserCommunication 209
5.1 PseudorandomSequences 209
5.1.1 BinaryShiftRegisterSequences 209
5.1.2 PropertiesofBinaryMaximalLengthSequences 211
5.1.3 CrosscorrelationSpectra 212
5.1.4 MaximalConnectedSetsofm-sequences 212
5.1.5 GoldSequences 212
5.1.6 Gold-LikeandDual-BCHSequences 213
5.1.7 KasamiSequences 214
5.1.8 JPLSequences 215
5.1.9 KroneckerSequences 216
5.1.10 WalshFunctions 216
5.1.11 OptimumPNSequences 217
5.1.12 GolayCode 218
5.2 MultiuserCDMAReceivers 220
5.2.1 SynchronousCDMAChannels 220
5.2.2 TheDecorrelatingDetector 221
5.2.3 TheOptimumLinearMultiuserDetector 221
5.2.4 MultistageDetectioninAsynchronousCDMA[43] 222
5.2.5 Non-CoherentDetector 224
5.2.6 Non-CoherentDetectioninAsynchronousMultiuserChannels[45] 224
5.2.7 MultiuserDetectioninFrequencyNon-SelectiveRayleighFadingChannels 225
5.2.8 MultiuserDetectioninFrequencySelectiveRayleighFadingChannels 230
5.3 MinimumMeanSquareError(MMSE)LinearMultiuserDetection 237
5.3.1 SystemModelinMultipathFadingChannels 238
5.3.2 MMSEDetectorStructures 240
5.3.3 SpatialProcessing 242
5.4 SingleUserLMMSEReceiversforFrequencySelectiveFadingChannels 246
5.4.1 AdaptivePrecombiningLMMSEReceivers 246
5.4.2 BlindLeastSquaresReceivers 251
5.4.3 LeastSquares(LS)Receiver 251
5.4.4 MethodBasedontheMatrixInversionLemma 252
5.5 SignalSubspace-BasedChannelEstimationforCDMASystems 253
5.5.1 EstimatingtheSignalSubspace 256
5.5.2 ChannelEstimation 257
5.6 IterativeReceiversforLayeredSpace–TimeCoding 259
5.6.1 LSTArchitectures 259
5.6.2 LSTReceivers 263
5.6.3 QRDecomposition/SICDetector 264
5.6.4 MMSE/SICDetector 266
5.6.5 IterativeLSTReceivers 269
Appendix5.1LinearandMatrixAlgebra 277
References 283
6 ChannelEstimationandEqualization 291
6.1 EqualizationintheDigitalDataTransmissionSystem 291
6.1.1 Zero-ForcingEqualizers 291
6.2 LMSEqualizer 297
6.2.1 SignalModel 297
6.2.2 AdaptiveWeightAdjustment 299
6.2.3 AutomaticSystems 299
6.2.4 IterativeAlgorithm 299
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6.2.5 TheLMSAlgorithm 299
6.2.6 DecisionFeedbackEqualizer(DFE) 300
6.2.7 BlindEqualizers 300
6.3 DetectionforaStatisticallyKnown,TimeVaryingChannel 301
6.3.1 SignalModel 302
6.3.2 ChannelModel 303
6.3.3 StatisticalDescriptionoftheReceivedSequence 304
6.3.4 TheMLSequence(Block)EstimatorforaStatisticallyKnownChannel 304
6.4 LMS-AdaptiveMLSEEqualizationonMultipathFadingChannels 306
6.4.1 SystemandChannelModels 307
6.4.2 AdaptiveChannelEstimatorandLMSEstimatorModel 308
6.4.3 TheChannelPredictionAlgorithm 308
6.5 AdaptiveChannelIdentificationandDataDemodulation 311
6.5.1 SystemModel 311
6.5.2 JointChannelandDataEstimation 311
6.5.3 DataEstimationandTrackingforaFadingChannel 315
6.5.4 TheStaticChannelEnvironment 316
6.5.5 TheTimeVaryingChannelEnvironment 318
6.6 TurboEqualization 324
6.6.1 SignalFormat 324
6.6.2 EquivalentDiscreteTimeChannelModel 325
6.6.3 EquivalentSystemStateRepresentations 325
6.6.4 TurboEqualization 325
6.6.5 ViterbiAlgorithm 326
6.6.6 IterativeImplementationofTurboEqualization 327
6.6.7 Performance 328
6.7 KalmanFilterBasedJointChannelEstimationandDataDetectionOverFading
Channels 330
6.7.1 ChannelModel 330
6.7.2 TheReceivedSignal 331
6.7.3 ChannelEstimationAlternatives 332
6.7.4 ImplementingtheEstimator 332
6.7.5 TheKalmanFilter 333
6.7.6 ImplementationIssues 333
6.8 EqualizationUsingHigherOrderSignalStatistics 335
6.8.1 ProblemStatement 335
6.8.2 SignalModel 336
6.8.3 DerivationofAlgorithmsforDFE 337
6.8.4 TheEqualizerCoefficients 338
6.8.5 StochasticGradientDFEAdaptiveAlgorithms 338
6.8.6 ConvergenceAnalysis 340
6.8.7 Kurtosis-BasedAlgorithm 341
6.8.8 PerformanceResults 344
References 345
7 OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing–OFDMandMulticarrierCDMA 351
7.1 TimingandFrequencyOffsetinOFDM 351
7.1.1 RobustFrequencyandTimingSynchronizationforOFDM 354
7.2 FadingChannelEstimationforOFDMSystems 357
7.2.1 StatisticsofMobileRadioChannels 357
7.2.2 DiversityReceiver 358
7.2.3 MMSEChannelEstimation 358
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7.2.4 FIRChannelEstimator 360
7.2.5 SystemPerformance 361
7.2.6 ReferenceGeneration 361
7.3 64DAPSKand64QAMModulatedOFDMSignals 363
7.4 Space–TimeCodingwithOFDMSignals 367
7.4.1 SignalandChannelParameters 367
7.4.2 TheWirelessAsynchronousTransferModeSystem 372
7.4.3 Space–TimeCodedAdaptiveModulationforOFDM 372
7.4.4 TurboandSpace–TimeCodedAdaptiveOFDM 372
7.5 LayeredSpace–TimeCodingforMIMOOFDM 375
7.5.1 SystemModel(TwoTimesTwoTransmitAntennas) 375
7.5.2 InterferenceCancellation 376
7.5.3 FourTransmitAntennas 376
7.6 Space–TimeCodedTDMA/OFDMReconfigurationEfficiency 379
7.6.1 FrequencySelectiveChannelModel 379
7.6.2 FrontEndPrefilter 380
7.6.3 Time-InvariantChannel 380
7.6.4 OptimizationProblem 381
7.6.5 AverageChannel 381
7.6.6 PrefilteredM-BCJREqualizer 381
7.6.7 Decision 382
7.6.8 PrefilteredMLSE/DDFSEEqualizerComplexity 383
7.6.9 DelayedDecisionFeedbackSequenceEstimation(DDFSE) 383
7.6.10 EqualizationSchemesforSTBC 383
7.6.11 Single-CarrierFrequencyDomainEqualizedSpace–TimeBlock
CodingSCFDESTBC 385
7.7 MulticarrierCDMASystem 392
7.7.1 DataDemodulation 393
7.7.2 PerformanceExamples 394
7.8 MulticarrierDS-CDMABroadcastSystems 396
7.9 FrameByFrameAdaptiveRateCodedMulticarrierDS-CDMASystem 399
7.9.1 Transmitter 399
7.9.2 Receiver 403
7.9.3 Rate-CompatiblePuncturedConvolutional(RCPC)Codes 404
7.9.4 RateAdaptation 404
7.10 IntermodulationInterferenceSuppressioninMulticarrierCDMASystems 405
7.10.1 Transmitter 405
7.10.2 Non-LinearPowerAmplifierModel 407
7.10.3 MMSEReceiver 408
7.11 SuccessiveInterferenceCancellationinMulticarrierDS-CDMASystems 409
7.11.1 SystemandChannelModel 409
7.12 MMSEDetectionofMulticarrierCDMA 413
7.12.1 TrackingtheFadingProcesses 415
7.13 ApproximationofOptimumMultiuserReceiverforSpace–TimeCoded
MulticarrierCDMASystems 419
7.13.1 FrequencySelectiveFadingChannels 422
7.13.2 ReceiverSignalModelofSTBCMCCDMASystems 423
7.13.3 BlindApproach 424
7.13.4 BayesianOptimalBlindReceiver 425
7.13.5 BlindBayesianMonteCarloMultiuserReceiverApproximation 425
7.13.6 GibbsSampler 425
7.13.7 PriorDistributions 426