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fossil fuel. Given the rapidly increasing demand for energy which
discount! is projected to double by mid-21st century, it is expected that
biodiesels will become an important part of the global energy mix
THE CONTENT and make a significant contribution to meeting energy demand. Technologies in
This valuable book gives a critical review on the recently emerged
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process intensification technologies for biodiesel production as
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well as the various methods for assessing biodiesel fuel quality. v
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Environmental Aminul Islam holds an MPhil in Materials Science, received lo
Engineering from the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, g and Emerging Trends
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• Advanced Energy Bangladesh, in 2008. He earned his PhD in from the University s
Technologies Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia, in 2012. Since 2012, he has been a in
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Technology Research Centre, University Putra Malaysia. io
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Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap is professor of catalysis and head of the ie
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IISSBBNN:: 997788--11--6600665500--550724--18
ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGIES IN
BIODIESEL
ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGIES IN
BIODIESEL
I P
ntroductIon to rIncIPles and
e t
mergIng rends
AMINUL ISLAM, YUN HIN TAUFIQ-YAP
AND ENG-SENG CHAN
MOMENTUM PRESS, LLC, NEW YORK
Advanced Technologies in Biodiesel: Introduction to Principles and
Emerging Trends
Copyright © Momentum Press®, LLC, 2015.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—
electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for
brief quotations, not to exceed 400 words, without the prior permission
of the publisher.
First published by Momentum Press®, LLC
222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017
www.momentumpress.net
ISBN-13: 978-1-60650-502-1 (print)
ISBN-13: 978-1-60650-503-8 (e-book)
Momentum Press Thermal Science and Energy Engineering Collection
DOI: 10.5643/9781606505038
Cover and interior design by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd.,
Chennai, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
a
bstract
The important strategic issue of the 21st century states as the struggle for
existence is the struggle for sustainable energy. In the last few years, the
interest in renewable fuels has increased dramatically due to high demand
of energy and the limitation of fossil fuel. Given the rapidly increasing
demand for energy, which is projected to double by mid- 21st century,
it is expected that biodiesels will become an important part of the global
energy mix and make a significant contribution to meeting energy demand.
Through extensive research, many commercial enterprises have
offered comprehensive, innovative, and state-of-the-art technologies to
produce high-quality biodiesel consistently at a competitive price via
transesterification process. Therefore, this book gives a critical review on
the recent emerged process intensification technologies for biodiesel pro-
duction as well as the various methods for assessing biodiesel fuel qual-
ity and/or monitoring the transesterification reaction with advantages and
drawbacks, and offers suggestions on selection of appropriate methods,
which could provide a thrilling adventure ahead of all interested scientists.
The adequate and up-to-date information provided in this book should
be of interest for biochemical engineers, academics, post graduate and
graduate students, and industrial researchers in these areas of study. It will
also cater to researchers and enthusiastic readers in the realm of alterna-
tive energy resources as well as in areas of sustainable and green energy
technology development.
KEY WORDS
biodiesel, process intensification, sustainable energy, transesterification
v
c
ontents
List of figures ix
List of tabLes xiii
acknowLedgments xv
chapter 1 introduction to biodieseL 1
chapter 2 reactor and refining technoLogies for
biodieseL production 31
chapter 3 biodieseL production processes 55
chapter 4 methods for QuaLity assessment of biodieseL 95
references 117
about the authors 143
index 145
vii
l f
Ist of Igures
Figure 1.1. Overall transesterification reaction. 7
Figure 1.2. Generation of biofuels. 11
Figure 1.3. Representative examples steryl glucocides,
tocopherols, phospholipids, and hydrocarbons
that may be found in biodiesel. 21
Figure 1.4. Soap formation in transesterification reaction. 22
Figure 1.5. Average emission impact of biodiesel for
heavy-duty highway engines. 24
Figure 1.6. An experimental setup for fuel properties, engine
performance testing of biodiesel. 28
Figure 2.1. Batch transesterification reactor. 34
Figure 2.2. Continuous-flow biodiesel reactor two-step process. 35
Figure 2.3. Biodiesel production process with distillation
column. 36
Figure 2.4. Continuous ultrasonic biodiesel processing and
separation developed by Hielsher GmbH. 37
Figure 2.5. Microwave reactor for biodiesel production. 40
Figure 2.6. Experimental set-up of static mixer. 41
Figure 2.7. Biodiesel production using supercritical methanol. 41
Figure 2.8. Centrifugal reactor for biodiesel production. 42
Figure 2.9. Magnetic impulse cavitation reactor developed
by Biofluidtech. 43
Figure 2.10. Microchannel reactor containing large numbers
of parallel microchannel used for biodiesel
production. 44
ix
