Advanced Structural Damage Detection: From Theory to Engineering Applications

336 Pages·2013·5.689 MB·English

by  Tadeusz Stepinski, Tadeusz Uhl, Wieslaw Staszewski(auth.)

ADVANCED
STRUCTURAL DAMAGE
DETECTION
ADVANCED
STRUCTURAL DAMAGE
DETECTION: FROM
THEORY TO
ENGINEERING
APPLICATIONS
TadeuszStepinski
AGHUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Poland
andUppsalaUniversity,Sweden
TadeuszUhlandWieslawStaszewski
AGHUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Poland
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Stepinski,Tadeusz.
Advancedstructuraldamagedetection:fromtheorytoengineeringapplications/TadeuszStepinski,
TadeuszUhl,WieslawStaszewski.
pages cm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-42298-4(hardback)
1. Structuralhealthmonitoring. 2. Structuralfailures. 3. Materials–Testing. I. Uhl,Tadeusz.
II. Staszewski,W.J. III. Title.
TA656.6.S742013
(cid:3)
624.176–dc23
2013005209
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Setin10/12ptTimesbySPiPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India
Contents
ListofContributors xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 StructuralDamageandStructuralDamageDetection 2
1.3 SHMasanEvolutionaryStepofNDT 4
1.4 InterdisciplinaryNatureofSHM 5
1.5 StructureofSHMSystems 9
1.5.1 LocalSHMMethods 9
1.5.2 GlobalSHMMethods 10
1.6 AspectsRelatedtoSHMSystemsDesign 12
1.6.1 DesignPrinciples 13
References 15
2 NumericalSimulationofElasticWavePropagation 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 ModellingMethods 18
2.2.1 FiniteDifferenceMethod 19
2.2.2 FiniteElementMethod 20
2.2.3 SpectralElementMethod 21
2.2.4 BoundaryElementMethod 23
2.2.5 FiniteVolumeMethod 24
2.2.6 OtherNumericalMethods 25
2.2.7 TimeDiscretization 27
vi Contents
2.3 HybridandMultiscaleModelling 29
2.4 TheLISAMethod 33
2.4.1 GPUImplementation 36
2.4.2 DevelopedGPU-BasedLISASoftwarePackage 37
2.4.3 cuLISA3DSolver’sPerformance 38
2.5 CouplingScheme 39
2.6 DamageModelling 47
2.7 AbsorbingBoundaryConditionsforWavePropagation 48
2.8 Conclusions 50
References 51
3 ModelAssistedProbabilityofDetectioninStructuralHealthMonitoring 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 ProbabilityofDetection 58
3.3 TheoreticalAspectsofPOD 59
3.3.1 Hit/MissAnalysis 59
3.3.2 SignalResponseAnalysis 61
3.3.3 ConfidenceBounds 63
3.3.4 ProbabilityofFalseAlarm 64
3.4 FromPODtoMAPOD 64
3.5 PODforSHM 65
3.6 MAPODofanSHMSystemConsideringFlawGeometry
Uncertainty 66
3.6.1 SHMSystem 66
3.6.2 SimulationFramework 67
3.6.3 ReliabilityAssessment 67
3.7 Conclusions 70
References 71
4 NonlinearAcoustics 73
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 TheoreticalBackground 75
4.2.1 ContactAcousticsNonlinearity 76
4.2.2 NonlinearResonance 79
4.2.3 FrequencyMixing 80
4.3 DamageDetectionMethodsandApplications 85
4.3.1 NonlinearAcousticsforDamageDetection 87
4.4 Conclusions 103
References 104
5 PiezocompositeTransducersforGuidedWaves 109
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 PiezoelectricTransducersforGuidedWaves 110
5.2.1 PiezoelectricPatches 110
5.2.2 PiezocompositeBasedTransducers 111
5.2.3 InterdigitalTransducers 113
Contents vii
5.3 NovelTypeofIDT-DSBasedonMFC 118
5.4 GenerationofLambWavesusingPiezocompositeTransducers 120
5.4.1 NumericalSimulations 120
5.4.2 ExperimentalVerification 122
5.4.3 NumericalandExperimentalResults 124
5.4.4 Discussion 129
5.5 LambWaveSensingCharacteristicsoftheIDT-DS4 131
5.5.1 NumericalSimulations 132
5.5.2 ExperimentalVerification 133
5.6 Conclusions 136
Appendix 136
References 137
6 ElectromechanicalImpedanceMethod 141
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 TheoreticalBackground 142
6.2.1 DefinitionoftheElectromechanicalImpedance 143
6.2.2 MeasurementTechniques 144
6.2.3 DamageDetectionAlgorithms 146
6.3 NumericalSimulations 147
6.3.1 ModellingElectromechanicalImpedancewiththeuseofFEM 147
6.3.2 UncertaintyandSensitivityAnalyses 150
6.3.3 Discussion 153
6.4 TheDevelopedSHMSystem 155
6.5 LaboratoryTests 158
6.5.1 ExperimentsPerformedforPlateStructures 159
6.5.2 ConditionMonitoringofaPipelineSection 161
6.5.3 Discussion 163
6.6 VerificationoftheMethodonAircraftStructures 165
6.6.1 MonitoringofaBoltedJointintheMainUndercarriageBay 165
6.6.2 MonitoringofaRivetedFuselagePanel 168
6.6.3 Discussion 172
6.7 Conclusions 173
References 174
7 BeamformingofGuidedWaves 177
7.1 Introduction 177
7.2 Theory 179
7.2.1 ImagingUsingSyntheticAperture 179
7.2.2 EffectiveApertureConcept 183
7.2.3 ImagingSchemes 185
7.2.4 Self-FocusingArrays 187
7.3 NumericalResults 190
7.3.1 ExamplesofEffectiveAperture 190
7.3.2 ImagingUsingStar-likeArray 192
7.3.3 NumericalVerificationoftheDORT-CWTMethod 196
viii Contents
7.4 ExperimentalResults 199
7.4.1 ExperimentalSetup 199
7.4.2 ExperimentalEvaluationofSensingArray 200
7.4.3 ExperimentalEvaluationofEffectiveAperture 201
7.4.4 DamageImagingUsingSyntheticAperture 203
7.4.5 ExperimentalValidationoftheDORT-CWTMethod 203
7.4.6 DamageImagingUsingSelf-FocusedTransmittingArray 206
7.5 Discussion 207
7.6 Conclusions 209
References 210
8 ModalFilteringTechniques 213
8.1 Introduction 213
8.2 StateoftheArt 214
8.3 FormulationoftheMethod 219
8.4 NumericalVerificationoftheMethod 222
8.4.1 ModelsUsedforSimulation 223
8.4.2 TestingProcedure 224
8.4.3 ResultsofAnalyses 226
8.4.4 ModelBasedProbabilityofDetection 230
8.5 MonitoringSystemBasedonModalFiltration 231
8.5.1 MainAssumptions 231
8.5.2 MeasuringDiagnosticUnit 232
8.5.3 ModalAnalysisandModalFiltrationSoftware 234
8.6 LaboratoryTests 235
8.6.1 ProgrammeofTests 235
8.6.2 ResultsofExperiments 237
8.6.3 ProbabilityofDetectionAnalysis 239
8.7 OperationalTests 245
8.8 Summary 248
References 248
9 Vibrothermography 251
9.1 Introduction 251
9.2 StateoftheArtinThermographicNondestructiveTesting 252
9.3 DevelopedVibrothermographicTestSystem 261
9.4 VirtualTesting 263
9.5 LaboratoryTesting 269
9.6 FieldMeasurements 273
9.7 SummaryandConclusions 275
References 275
10 Vision-BasedMonitoringSystem 279
10.1 Introduction 279
10.2 StateoftheArt 281
10.3 DeflectionMeasurementbyMeansofDigitalImageCorrelation 282
Contents ix
10.4 ImageRegistrationandPlaneRectification 284
10.5 AutomaticFeatureDetectionandMatching 287
10.5.1 Deflection-ShapedBasedDamageDetectionandLocalization 289
10.6 DevelopedSoftwareTool 291
10.7 NumericalInvestigationoftheMethod 291
10.7.1 NumericalModellingoftheDevelopedVisionMeasurement
System 292
10.7.2 UncertaintyInvestigationoftheMethod 292
10.7.3 ModelBasedProbabilityofDamageDetection 297
10.8 LaboratoryInvestigationoftheMethod 301
10.8.1 TestsoftheMethodontheLaboratorySetup 303
10.8.2 TheProbabilityofDetectionoftheMethodinthe
LaboratoryInvestigation 307
10.8.3 InvestigationoftheDevelopedMethod’sAccuracy 309
10.9 KeyStudiesandEvaluationoftheMethod 314
10.9.1 TramViaductDeflectionMonitoring 314
10.10 Conclusions 318
References 318
Index 321
List of Contributors
ŁukaszAmbrozin´ski
AlbertoGallina
KrzysztofHolak
AndrzejKlepka
PiotrKohut
MichałMan´ka
AdamMartowicz
KrzysztofMendrok
PawełPac´ko
ŁukaszPieczonka
MateuszRosiek
MariuszSzwedo
TheaboveauthorsareaffiliatedwiththeDepartmentofMechatronicsandRobotics,Facultyof
MechanicalEngineeringandRobotics,AGHUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Poland.
Preface
StructuralHealthMonitoring(SHM)isaninterdisciplinaryengineeringfieldthatdealswith
innovativemethodsofmonitoringstructuralsafety,integrityandperformancewithoutaffect-
ing the structure itself or particularly impairing its operation. SHM utilizes several types of
sensors – embedded in or attached to – a structure to detect the presence, location, severity
andconsequenceofdamage.
SHM technology integrates nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques using remote
sensing and smart materials to create smart self-monitoring structures characterized by an
increased reliability and long life. SHM primarily applies to systems with critical demands
concerningperformancewhereclassicalonsiteassessmentisrelatedtohighcosts,isdifficult
orevenimpossible.
Written by academic experts in the field, this book will provide students, engineers and
otherinterestedtechnicalspecialistswithacomprehensivereviewofrecentdevelopmentsin
variousmonitoringtechniquesandtheirapplicationstoSHM.Byprovidingacomprehensive
review of the main SHM techniques it contributes to an area which is the subject of inten-
sive research and development. This book offers both theoretical principles and feasibility
studiesforanumberofSHMtechniques.Italsopresentsanumberofnoveldataprocessing
algorithmsanddemonstratesrealoperatingprototypes.
This book reports results of the research project MONIT conducted at the AGH Univer-
sity of Science and Technology (AGH-UST) in Kraków and supported by The European
Regional Development Fund in the framework of the programme Innovative Economy. The
bookincludes10chapterswrittenbyresearchersactiveintheresearchteamattheDepartment
ofRoboticsandMechatronicsattheAGH-USTwheretheEditorsarefacultymembers.
Chapter 1 contains an introduction that briefly presents SHM philosophy and explains its
relationshiptothetraditionalNDEtechniques.TheinterdisciplinarycharacterofSHMisout-
linedinthecontextofNDEandconditionmonitoring(CM).Structuraldamageandstructural
damagedetectionaspectsarediscussedandthemainlevelsofSHMproceduresareoutlined.