Table Of ContentAdvanced Security and
Safeguarding in the
Nuclear Power
Industry
State of the art and future
challenges
Edited by
Victor Nian, PhD
Senior Fellow
Energy Studies Institute
National University of Singapore
Singapore
Executive Director
UNiLAB on Integrated Systems Analysis Tools
Singapore
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Contributors
JonathanBellamy, C.Arb
BarristerandChartered Arbitrator,London,United Kingdom
Ira Martina Drupady
Research Associate,Energy StudiesInstitute, NationalUniversity ofSingapore,
Singapore
ManoorPrakash Hande, PhD,MPH
Department ofPhysiology,Yong Loo LinSchool ofMedicine andTembusu
College,NationalUniversity ofSingapore, Singapore
Gu¨nther Handl
Eberhard Deutsch Professor ofPublicInternationalLaw, Tulane University Law
School,New Orleans, LA, United States
Wison Luangdilok,PhD,MS, BS
President,H2TechnologyLLC,Westmont,IL,UnitedStates;Fauske&Associates
LLC, Burr Ridge, IL, United States
Wilner Martinez-Lo´pez, MD, PhD
Epigenetics and Genomic Instability Laboratory,Institutode Investigaciones
Biolo´gicasClementeEstable,Montevideo,Uruguay;AssociateUnitonGenomic
Stability,Faculty ofMedicine,University oftheRepublic(UdelaR), Montevideo,
Uruguay
Paul Murphy
Managing Director,Murphy Energy & Infrastructure Consulting,LLC,
Washington, DC, United States
GarethB. Neighbour, PhD,BSc
School ofEngineering and Innovation, The Open University,Milton Keynes,
United Kingdom
William J. Nuttall,PhD,BSc
School ofEngineering and Innovation, The Open University,Milton Keynes,
United Kingdom
DmitriiSamokhin, PhD
Head, Department of Nuclear Physics and Engineering, Obninsk Institutefor
NuclearPowerEngineeringof theNationalResearchNuclearUniversity,
Obninsk, Russian Federation
Tatsujiro Suzuki,MS
Professor,Doctor, Research Center for Nuclear WeaponsAbolition, Nagasaki
University,Nagasaki, Japan
xi
xii Contributors
Peng Xu
IdahoNational Laboratory,Idaho Falls, ID, UnitedStates
Man-Sung Yim,ScD,PhD,MS, SM
Professor,Nuclear and QuantumEngineering, Korea Advanced Instituteof
Science and Technology, Daejeon, SouthKorea
About the Editor
Victor Nian
Dr. Victor Nian is a Senior Fellow at the Energy Studies Institute (ESI), National
University of Singapore (NUS). Dr. Nian holds a PhD in Mechanical Engineering
andaBachelorinElectricalEngineeringwithaMinorinManagementofTechnol-
ogy,allfromNUS.AtESI,themainfocusofhisresearchisonthepeacefulandstra-
tegic use of atomic energy. His research portfolio also covers a wide spectrum of
energy issues with focus on technology management and industrial policies. Dr.
NianistheFounderandtheExecutiveDirectorofUNiLABonIntegratedSystems
Analysis Tools,which hostsaresearchnetworkofmorethanfifteenacademicand
research organizations from around the world. He is also a Visiting Fellow at the
University of Cambridge and an Adjunct Professor at Tianjin University of Com-
merce.Dr.NianwaspreviouslythePresidentoftheEngineeringAlumniSingapore,
theofficialalumnisocietyforNUSestablishedin1972,forthreeconsecutiveterms.
xiii
Preface
Anysufficientlyadvancedtechnologyisindistinguishablefrommagic.
ArthurC.Clarke
Fromtheadventofthesteamenginetothedevelopmentofmassaviation,tech-
nologyhasbeenaremarkableboontocontemporarysociety.However,whiletech-
nological advances have undeniably created tremendous opportunities on an
unprecedented scale, they have also been fraught with myriad anxieties over their
real andperceiveddangers.
ThehistoryofnuclearenergyisperhapstheepitomeoftheJanus-facedcharacter
ofmodernsociety’srelationshipwithitsgrowingtechnologicalmasteryovernature.
In 1904, the British physicist Ernest Rutherford wrote “If it were ever possible to
controlatwilltherateofdisintegrationoftheradioelements,anenormousamount
ofenergycouldbeobtainedfromasmallamountofmatter.”Itwasnottill35years
later that Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativitydas emblematized in his
famous formula “E¼MC2” for mass-energy equivalencedwas proven, unlocking
thefloodgatestothetremendousenergypotentialofthefundamentalbuildingblocks
of the universedthe atoms. Nonetheless, the allure of nuclear power has been
repeatedly tempered from the long-lasting trauma of its birth in the flames of the
Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings, to the public backlash incited by the
ongoing impacts of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. It is therefore unsur-
prising that the “Three S’s”dsafety, security, and safeguardsdhave become the
three fundamental pillars of theglobalnuclear power industry.
Ouraddictiontofossilfuelshascauseddevastatingdamagetotheenvironment,
biodiversity,andpublichealth.Moreover,thecostsofinactionarerapidlymounting
astheunrelentingaccumulationofanthropogenicgreenhousegasesthreatenstotip
the damaging transformations ecosystems worldwide past the point ofno return.
While the nuclear power industry will continue to face evolving technological
andinstitutionalchallenges,nationalregulatorybodiesandtheInternationalAtomic
EnergyAgencyhavepromulgatedpolicy,regulatory,andlegalinstrumentsasaddi-
tionalsecuritymeasurestosafeguardthepublicinterestaswellastheglobalnuclear
power industry in delivering safe and reliable clean energy to our modern society.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of these measures, and how they
have been updated to address future challenges. As such, the book is particularly
relevant to countries with an interest in developing a nuclear power industry but
which are not yet a nuclear state, as well as countries where education to improve
society’s opinion on nuclear power is crucial to its future success in low carbon
development.
Books on atomic energy have almost exclusively focused on the safety aspect.
However, the equally important issues of security and safeguards have often been
xv
xvi Preface
unduly overlooked. Motivated by the need to bring a balanced review of a wide-
rangingscientific,engineering,policy,regulatory,andlegalissuesfacingthenuclear
powerindustry,weembarkedonthisendeavortodeliveramuchneededreviewofthe
latest developments in “Three S’s” as well as other related and important subject
matters withinandbeyond thenuclearpower industry. Thisbook presents thestate
oftheartinanaccessibleformforawide-rangingaudiencethatissuitablefornuclear
industrypractitioners,scientists,engineers,lawyers,educators,andpolicymakers.
Acknowledgment
We are most grateful of the contributing authors in delivering excellent reviews of
importantsubjectmattersforthiseditedbook.Inaddition,wewouldliketorecord
ourthankstoPhilipAndrews-Speed,YousryAzmy,S.K.Chou,andEgorSimonov
(family name in alphabetical order) for generously providing assistance invarious
commendable ways. The editor would like to thank everyone on the editorial
team.SpecialthankstoMichelleFisher,theever-patientEditorialProjectManager,
for taking this project through toits success.
VictorNian, PhD, BE
Senior Fellow, EnergyStudiesInstitute,
National University ofSingapore, Singapore
ExecutiveDirector, UNiLAB onIntegrated
Systems Analysis Tools,Singapore
xvii
CHAPTER
1
Recent advances in
nuclear power
technologies
Dmitrii Samokhin, PhD
Head,DepartmentofNuclearPhysicsandEngineering,ObninskInstituteforNuclearPower
EngineeringoftheNationalResearchNuclearUniversity,Obninsk,RussianFederation
1. Introduction
Thischapterisbasedonlecturesthattheauthorgaveforthecourse“Constructionof
NuclearReactors”foranumberofyearstoseniorstudentsattheObninskInstitute
forNuclearPowerEngineeringoftheNationalResearchNuclearUniversity,Mos-
cow Engineering PhysicsInstitute.
Textbooks and manuals on this subject are obsolete or designed for students of
other specialties. They generally contain descriptions of specific design solutions
used invarious nuclear reactors. However, they almost never provideguidance for
developersinmakingthesedecisions,aswellastheside(possiblynonphysical)fac-
torsaffectingthem.Thematerialinthischapterisintendedtofillthisgaptothebest
possible extent.
Nuclear power reactors are mostly by-products of the defense industry (except
maybe Canada deuterium uranium reactors). They were created by experts whose
mindsetwastosolvemajormilitarytasksinwhichthepossibilityofhumanandma-
terialloss was considerednatural andonly tobedecreased.
Therefore,whenthefirstgenerationofnuclearreactorswascreated, theirtech-
nicalandeconomicqualitywasoptimizedwithoutmuchcarefulconsiderationofse-
curity issues. Moreover, it was believed that evenwhen the project violated safety
requirements,iftheywereminor,“”theauthoritiesinto“”theprojectwiththeright
influence.ThebitterlessonsofdisasterssuchastheThreeMileIslandnuclearpower
plant (NPP) in the United States, the Chernobyl NPP, and the Fukushima Daiichi
NPPshowedthatneglectedsecurityissuescanalsoleadtodisastrouseconomiccon-
sequences, not just overexposure of radiation to personnel, the population, and the
environment.
Ihopethatforanewgenerationofdesignersofnuclearreactors,theformationof
thestyleofthinkingthatisonepurposesinwritingthischapterwillresultinmore
care and attentionto safety in nuclear power.
It is assumed that the reader has the original information from the course “Nu-
clear and Neutron Physics” (i.e., the designation “U-235” denotes the isotope ura-
nium elementwith a nucleus containing235 nucleons).
1
AdvancedSecurityandSafeguardingintheNuclearPowerIndustry.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818256-7.00001-5
Copyright©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
