Table Of ContentNUTRITION B
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Advanced Nutrition
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Second Edition e
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Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Metabolism n
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Expanded and updated, the new edition of Advanced Nutrition: Macronutrients,
Micronutrients, and Metabolism continues in the tradition of its predecessor, serving
as an essential textbook for advanced undergraduate and first-year graduate A
students studying human nutrition.
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The book incorporates fundamental concepts in nutrition science—while also v
acknowledging the contributions made by other sciences such as biochemistry, a
genetics, and physiology—in order to help us understand why specific nutrients are
required. It provides comprehensive coverage of both macro- and micronutrients, n
emphasizing each nutrient’s description, absorption, use, and excretion. c
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Highlights of the Second Edition include
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• Chapters addressing exercise, obesity, starvation, and trauma
• Updates with respect to nutrigenomics and nutrient–gene interactions within N
specific topics
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• Expansion of the aging effects with regard to life cycle and nutrient-specific
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• Nutrition requirement comparisons among different species and animal models i
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for human diseases
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• The chemistry and physiology of each essential nutrient and its integration in
the body n Advanced
• Chapter summaries, case studies, problem-solving activities, and critical thinking
questions
• Web addresses and expansion and updating of the reference lists at the end of
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each chapter e Nutrition
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Ancillary material designed to enhance the teaching experience is provided for n
instructors on PowerPoint® slides. d
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K21435 n
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Second Edition
Advanced
Nutrition
Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Metabolism
Second Edition
Advanced
Nutrition
Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Metabolism
Carolyn D. Berdanier
Lynnette A. Berdanier
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by Carolyn D. Berdanier, Lynnette A. Berdanier
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Version Date: 20141029
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Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................................xvii
Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................................xix
Authors ............................................................................................................................................xxi
Abbreviations ...............................................................................................................................xxiii
Review: Nutritional Biochemistry ...............................................................................................xxvii
Chapter 1 Energy ..........................................................................................................................1
Definition ......................................................................................................................1
How Is Energy Measured? ...........................................................................................1
Energy Intake ...............................................................................................................3
Energy Need .................................................................................................................3
Energy Equation ...........................................................................................................4
Energy Terminology .....................................................................................................5
Energy Retained .........................................................................................................11
Energetic Efficiency ...................................................................................................12
Utilizable Energy........................................................................................................13
Thermogenesis ...........................................................................................................16
Uncoupling Proteins ..............................................................................................16
Summary ....................................................................................................................17
Learning Opportunities ..............................................................................................18
Multiple-Choice Questions .........................................................................................18
References ..................................................................................................................19
Chapter 2 Negative Energy Balance ...........................................................................................23
Set-Point Theory in Body Weight Regulation ............................................................23
Abnormal Energy States ............................................................................................25
Starvation ...............................................................................................................25
Protein–Energy Malnutrition ................................................................................26
Recovery from Malnutrition and Starvation ..............................................................31
Trauma and Energy Needs .........................................................................................33
Voluntary Starvation: Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia ..............................................35
Abnormal Appetite: Pica ............................................................................................36
Summary ....................................................................................................................38
Learning Opportunities ..............................................................................................38
Multiple-Choice Questions .........................................................................................39
References ..................................................................................................................40
Chapter 3 Positive Energy Balance .............................................................................................43
Obesity........................................................................................................................43
Indirect Methods Used to Determine Body Fat ....................................................44
Origins of Obesity .................................................................................................47
Genetics of Obesity ...............................................................................................48
Morbidity of Severely Obese People .....................................................................53
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Treatment of Obesity .............................................................................................54
Diet Strategies ...................................................................................................54
Pharmaceutical Strategies.................................................................................55
Surgical Strategies ............................................................................................58
Summary ....................................................................................................................58
Learning Opportunities ..............................................................................................58
Self-Study ..............................................................................................................58
Multiple-Choice Questions .........................................................................................59
References ..................................................................................................................59
Chapter 4 Regulation of Food Intake ..........................................................................................65
Psychological Aspects of Food Intake .......................................................................65
Physiological Aspects of Food Intake ........................................................................67
Sensory Perception of Food ...................................................................................67
Appearance .......................................................................................................68
Texture ..............................................................................................................68
Smell (Olfaction) and Gustation (Taste) ...........................................................69
Neuronal Signals for Hunger and Satiety ...................................................................72
Summary ....................................................................................................................79
Learning Opportunities ..............................................................................................79
Multiple-Choice Questions .........................................................................................80
References ..................................................................................................................80
Chapter 5 Exercise ......................................................................................................................85
Definitions ..................................................................................................................85
Minimum Physical Activity Recommendations ........................................................89
Exercise and Nutrient Needs ......................................................................................90
Elite Athletes ..............................................................................................................92
Aging and Exercise ....................................................................................................94
Summary ....................................................................................................................95
Learning Opportunities ..............................................................................................95
References ..................................................................................................................96
Chapter 6 Cell Cycle, Life Cycle ................................................................................................97
Cell Structure and Function .......................................................................................97
Receptors ....................................................................................................................97
Signal Systems .........................................................................................................101
Cell Differentiation ..................................................................................................102
Apoptosis ..................................................................................................................104
Life Cycle .................................................................................................................108
Growth and Development .........................................................................................109
Conception to Birth ..................................................................................................110
Birth to Childhood ...................................................................................................111
Childhood and Adolescence .....................................................................................112
Maturity ....................................................................................................................113
Aging (Senescence) ..................................................................................................114
Summary ..................................................................................................................119
Learning Opportunities ............................................................................................119
Self-Study Your Nutritional Status ......................................................................119
Multiple-Choice Questions .......................................................................................120
References ................................................................................................................120
Contents vii
Chapter 7 Nutrigenomics ..........................................................................................................123
Genes ........................................................................................................................123
Gene Expression .......................................................................................................123
DNA Structure .....................................................................................................125
Mutation or Polymorphisms ................................................................................128
Epigenetics ...........................................................................................................130
Synthesis of Purines and Pyrimidines.................................................................131
Transcription ............................................................................................................134
Mitochondrial Gene Expression ..........................................................................138
Translation ................................................................................................................139
Effects of Diet on Genetic Diseases ....................................................................141
Nutrient–Gene Interactions .................................................................................141
Genetic Diseases of Interest to Nutrition .................................................................143
Summary ..................................................................................................................147
Learning Opportunities ............................................................................................147
Problem Solving .......................................................................................................149
Multiple-Choice Questions .......................................................................................149
References ................................................................................................................149
Chapter 8 Protein ......................................................................................................................153
Amino Acids ............................................................................................................153
Chemistry ............................................................................................................153
Stereochemistry ...................................................................................................157
Acid–Base Properties ..........................................................................................157
Reactions .............................................................................................................158
Amino Acid Derivatives ......................................................................................160
Creatine Phosphate .........................................................................................160
Choline ............................................................................................................161
Polyamines ......................................................................................................161
Peptides ................................................................................................................161
Protein Structure ......................................................................................................161
Protein Denaturation ................................................................................................162
Classification of Proteins ..........................................................................................163
Classification by Solubility and Prosthetic Groups .............................................163
Glycoproteins ..................................................................................................163
Lipoproteins ....................................................................................................164
Nucleoproteins ................................................................................................165
Other Conjugated Proteins..............................................................................165
Classification by Function ...................................................................................165
Classification by Nutritive Value .........................................................................165
Protein Analysis .......................................................................................................168
Biological Value of Dietary Protein .........................................................................168
Protein Use ...............................................................................................................173
Digestion ..............................................................................................................173
Absorption ...........................................................................................................175
Metabolism ..........................................................................................................175
Functions of Proteins ................................................................................................177
Proteins as Enzymes ............................................................................................177
Proteins as Carriers and Receptors .....................................................................181
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Proteins as Regulators of Water Balance ............................................................182
Proteins as Biological Buffers .............................................................................184
Proteins as Structural Elements ..........................................................................186
Proteins as Lubricants .........................................................................................187
Proteins in the Immune System ...........................................................................187
Proteins in the Endocrine System: Hormones .....................................................188
Proteins as Signaling Molecules..........................................................................190
Protein Turnover .......................................................................................................191
Protein Degradation .................................................................................................192
Protein Intake Recommendations ............................................................................194
Age .......................................................................................................................195
Environmental Temperature ................................................................................196
Previous Diet .......................................................................................................197
Physical Activity ..................................................................................................197
Protein Deficiency ...............................................................................................198
Kwashiorkor ....................................................................................................198
Marasmus ........................................................................................................199
Protein and Amino Acid Interactions with Other Nutrients ....................................200
Vegetarian Diets .......................................................................................................201
Renal Disease ...........................................................................................................202
Integration of the Metabolic Features of Protein Nutrition .....................................204
Summary ..................................................................................................................207
Learning Opportunities ............................................................................................207
Multiple-Choice Questions .......................................................................................208
References ................................................................................................................208
Chapter 9 Carbohydrates...........................................................................................................213
Classification ............................................................................................................213
Structure and Nomenclature.....................................................................................213
Monosaccharides .................................................................................................213
Stereoisomeric Forms ..........................................................................................216
Anomeric Forms ..................................................................................................216
Oligosaccharides..................................................................................................217
Disaccharides ......................................................................................................217
Polysaccharides ...................................................................................................219
Storage Polysaccharides ......................................................................................219
Structural Polysaccharides ..................................................................................221
Mucopolysaccharides ..........................................................................................221
Sources of Carbohydrate .....................................................................................222
Digestion and Absorption .........................................................................................224
Metabolism ...............................................................................................................227
Glucose Homeostasis ...........................................................................................228
Abnormalities in the Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis: Diabetes Mellitus ........230
Prevalence of Diabetes ........................................................................................230
Glucose Tolerance Test ........................................................................................232
Genetics and Diabetes Mellitus ...........................................................................233
Type 1 Diabetes ...................................................................................................234
Autoimmune Disease ......................................................................................234
Diabetes Secondary to Viral Infections ..............................................................237
