Advanced Concepts for Renewable Energy Supply of Data Centres (River Publishers Series in Renewable Energy)

338 Pages·2017·51.702 MB·English

by  Jaume Salom (editor), Thorsten Urbaneck (editor), Eduardo Oro (editor)

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Advanced Concepts for Renewable
Energy Supply of Data Centres
RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN RENEWABLE ENERGY
SeriesEditor
ERICJOHNSON
AtlanticConsulting
Switzerland
Indexing:AllbookspublishedinthisseriesaresubmittedtoThomsonReutersBook
CitationIndex(BkCI),CrossRefandtoGoogleScholar.
The “River Publishers Series in Renewable Energy” is a series of comprehensive
academicandprofessionalbookswhichfocusontheoryandapplicationsinrenewable
energyandsustainableenergysolutions.Theserieswillserveasamulti-disciplinary
resource linking renewable energy with society. The book series fulfils the rapidly
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Books published in the series include research monographs, edited volumes,
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Topics covered in the series include, but are by no means restricted to the
following:
• Renewableenergy
• EnergySolutions
• Energystorage
• Sustainability
• Greentechnology
Foralistofotherbooksinthisseries,visitwww.riverpublishers.com
Advanced Concepts for Renewable
Energy Supply of Data Centres
Editors
Jaume Salom
IREC–CataloniaInstituteforEnergyResearch
Spain
Thorsten Urbaneck
TechnischeUniversitätChemnitz
Germany
Eduard Oró
IREC–CataloniaInstituteforEnergyResearch
Spain
Published,soldanddistributedby:
RiverPublishers
Alsbjergvej10
9260Gistrup
Denmark
RiverPublishers
LangeGeer44
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Tel.:[phone]
www.riverpublishers.com
ISBN:978-87-93519-42-8(Hardback)
978-87-93519-41-1(Ebook)
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Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
ListofContributors xv
ListofFigures xvii
ListofTables xxix
ListofSymbolsandAbbreviations xxxiii
1 DataCentreOverview 1
EduardOróandJaumeSalom
1.1 DataCentreInfrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 MainSubsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 ITEquipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 PowerSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 CoolingSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 DataCentreArchetypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.1 FunctionorObjectiveoftheDataCentre . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.3 LocationandSurroundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.4 ArchetypesDefinition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 WorkloadTypology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.1 WebWorkloads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.2 HPCWorkloads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.3 DataWorkloads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4.4 ConsumptionversusWorkloadTypology . . . . . . 15
v
vi Contents
1.5 RedundancyLevel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5.1 BasicDefinitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5.2 TierLevels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.6 FutureTrends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2 OperationalRequirement 27
EduardOró,VictorDepoorterandJaumeSalom
2.1 WorkingTemperatureLimit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.1 ImpactofServerInletTemperature . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.2 PermittedTemperaturesofIndividual
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.1.3 CPUPowerManagementandThrottling . . . . . . . 29
2.2 EnvironmentalConditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2.1 TemperatureandHumidityRequirements . . . . . . 30
2.2.2 QualityoftheRoomAir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3 PowerQuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3.1 InputVoltagewithinAcceptableLimits . . . . . . . 33
2.3.2 InputFrequencywithinAllowableRanges . . . . . . 34
2.3.3 SufficientInputPowertoCompensate
forPowerFactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3.4 TransfertoBackupPowerFasterthanPSU
“Hold-up”Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.3.5 ProtectionfromDamagingPowerConditions . . . . 37
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3 EnvironmentalandEconomicMetricsforDataCentres 41
JaumeSalomandAlbertGarcia
3.1 AboutMetricsinDataCentres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2 DataCentreBoundariesforMetricsCalculation . . . . . . . 44
3.2.1 DefinitionofBoundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.2 EnergyFlows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3 MetricsforCost-EnvironmentalAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.1 EnvironmentalImpactMetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.1.1 DataCentreprimaryenergy . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.1.2 DataCentreCO2 emissions . . . . . . . . 50
3.3.1.3 DataCentrewaterconsumption . . . . . . 50
3.3.2 FinancialMetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3.2.1 Methodologicalreferenceframework . . . 50
Contents vii
3.3.2.2 Globalcost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3.2.3 CAPEX:capitalexpenditure . . . . . . . 52
3.3.2.4 OPEX:operatingexpenditure . . . . . . . 52
3.3.3 Cost-EfficiencyAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4 EnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyMetrics . . . . . . 54
3.4.1 PowerUsageEffectiveness(PUE) . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4.2 RenewableEnergyRatio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.3 RenewableEnergyFactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.5 CapacityMetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.5.2 CapacityMetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.6 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.6.1 Example1.PVSystemandIceStorage . . . . . . . 61
3.6.2 Example2.DistrictCoolingandHeatReuse . . . . 66
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4 AdvancedTechnicalConceptsforEfficientElectrical
DistributionandITManagement 77
EduardOró,MauroCanutoandAlbertGarcia
4.1 AdvancedTechnicalConceptsforEfficient
ITManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2 AdvancedTechnicalConceptsforEfficient
ElectricPowerDistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.2.2 ModularUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.2.3 BypassedUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.2.4 EnhancedUPSforElectricalEnergyStorage . . . . 94
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5 AdvancedTechnicalConceptsforLow-ExergyClimate
andCoolingDistribution 103
NirendraLalShrestha,ThomasOppelt,VerenaRudolf
andThorstenUrbaneck
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2 FreeCooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.2.1 FreeCoolingwithDirectAmbientAir . . . . . . . . 106
5.2.2 FreeCoolingwithIndirectAmbientAir . . . . . . . 110
5.2.3 SeawaterAirConditioningSystem . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.2.4 FreeCoolingwithGroundwater . . . . . . . . . . . 117
viii Contents
5.3 IncreasingAllowableITTemperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.3.1 IncreasedWhiteSpaceTemperaturewithAirside
Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.3.2 IncreasedWhiteSpaceTemperaturewithChilled
WaterCooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.3.3 IncreasingtheDeltaTThroughtheIT
Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.4 HotorColdAisleContainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.5 VariableAirflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.5.1 StrategyA:PressureDifference . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.5.2 StrategyB:ActualITload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.5.3 StrategyC:ReturnAirTemperature . . . . . . . . . 129
5.6 PartialLoad–RedundantorOversizedComponents. . . . . 131
5.6.1 RedundantComponentsandOversizing
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.6.2 PartialLoadwithChillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.6.3 VariableFlowwithFansandPumps . . . . . . . . . 132
5.6.4 OversizingDryCoolersandCooling
Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.6.5 EnergySavingsandPaybackPeriods . . . . . . . . 134
5.7 HighEnergyEfficiencyComponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.7.1 FansandPumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.7.2 Air-CooledChillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.7.3 Water-CooledChillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6 AdvancedTechnicalConceptsforPowerandCoolingSupply
withRenewables 139
VerenaRudolf,NirendraLalShrestha,NoahPflugradt,EduardOró,
ThorstenUrbaneckandJaumeSalom
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.1.1 ConceptsOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.1.1.1 Sankeychartsanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.2 DescriptionoftheProposedAdvancedTechnical
Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.2.1 PhotovoltaicSystemandWindTurbines
withVapour-CompressionChiller
andLead-AcidBatteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Contents ix
6.2.2 DistrictCoolingandHeatReuse . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.2.3 Grid-FedWetCoolingTowerWithoutChiller . . . . 152
6.2.4 Grid-FedVapour-CompressionChillerwith
ElectricalEnergyandChilledWaterStorages . . . . 157
6.2.5 BiogasFuelCellwithAbsorptionChiller . . . . . . 162
6.2.6 ReciprocatingEngineCHPwithAbsorption
Chiller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7 ApplyingAdvancedTechnicalConceptstoSelectedScenarios 177
VerenaRudolf,NirendraLalShrestha,EduardOró,
ThorstenUrbaneckandJaumeSalom
7.1 OverviewofConceptPerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.2 ConceptComparisonforSelectedScenarios . . . . . . . . . 183
7.2.1 DescriptionofScenariosAnalysed . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.3 DetailedAnalysisbyAdvancedTechnicalConcept . . . . . 190
7.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.3.2 Concept1.PhotovoltaicSystemandWindTurbines
withVapour-CompressionChiller . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.3.2.1 Influenceofenergyefficiency
measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.3.2.2 Influenceofsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
7.3.2.3 On-Siterenewableenergysystems
implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.3.3 Concept2.DistrictCoolingandHeatReuse . . . . . 198
7.3.3.1 Influenceofenergyefficiency
measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
7.3.3.2 Influenceofsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
7.3.3.3 Influenceoftheliquidcoolingsolution
andthepotentialheatreuse . . . . . . . . 203
7.3.4 Concept3.Grid-FedWetCoolingTower
withoutChiller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
7.3.4.1 Influenceofenergyefficiencymeasures . . 204
7.3.4.2 InfluenceofEEmeasures . . . . . . . . . 208
7.3.4.3 Influenceofsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
7.3.4.4 On-sitePVsystemsimplementation. . . . 209
7.3.5 Concept4.Grid-FedVapour-CompressionChiller
withElectricalEnergyandChilledWaterStorages . . 210
7.3.5.1 InfluenceofEEmeasures . . . . . . . . . 210