Adhesive Joints: Formation, Characteristics, and Testing

911 Pages·1984·33.502 MB·English

by  W. L. Baun (auth.), K. L. Mittal (eds.)

Adhesive Joints
Formation, Characteristics,
and Testing
Adhesive Joints
Formation, Characteristics,
and Testing
Edited by
K. L. Mittal
IBM Corporation
Hopewell Junction, New York
PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Symposium on Adhesive Joints: Formation, Characteristics, and Testing
(1982: Kansas City, Mo.)
Adhesive joints.
"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Adhesive Joints: Formation, Char
acteristics, and Testing, held September 12-1:7, 1982, in Kansas City, Missouri"
T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Adhesive joints-Congresses. I. Mittal, K. L., 1945- . II. Title.
TA492.A3I58 1982 668.3 84-2132
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9702-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2749-3
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2749-3
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Adhesive Joints: Formation,
Characteristics, and Testing, held as a part of the American Chemical Society meeting,
September 12-17,1982, in Kansas City, Missouri
© 1984 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1984
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
AIl rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
This volume documents the proceedings of the International
Symposium on Adhesive Joints: Formation, Characteristics and
Testing held under the auspices of the Division of Polymer Mater
ials:Science and Engineering of the American Chemical Society in
Kansas City, MO, September 12-17, 1982.
There is a myriad of applications (ranging from aerospace to
surgery) where adhesives are used to join different materials, and
concomitantly the understanding of the behavior of adhesive joints
becomes very important. There are many factors which can influence
the behavior of adhesive joints, e.g., substrate preparation, in
terfacial aspects, joint design, mode of stress, external environ
ment, etc., and in order to understand the joint behavior in a
holistic manner, one must take due cognizance of all these germane
factors. So this symposium was planned to address not only how to
make acceptable bonds but their characterization, durability and
testing were also accorded due consideration.
The symposium was organized with the following objectives in
mind: to discuss the latest developments and activities anent
adhesive joints, to provide a forum for cross-pollination of ideas,
to bring together the researchers from various disciplines, and to
highlight the areas which need intensified efforts. The interest
and high tempo of research in adhesive joints is well manifested by
the size of the program which contained 51 papers from many parts
of the globe covering various ramifications of adhesive joints. So
this was truly an international event and if the comments from the
attendees are a measure of the success of a symposium, then it was
more than successful and fulfilled very well the objectives of the
symposium.
The present volume containing a total of 51 papers (921 pages)
by 94 authors from 12 countries is divided into five parts. The
topics covered include: substrate and interfacial aspects of ad
hesive bonding; determination of the locus of failure; factors in
fluencing behavior of adhesive joints; evaluation, characterization
and testing of adhesive joints; stress analysis and performance
v
vi PREFACE
aspects, fracture aspects, and durability or stability behavior of
adhesive joints. Apropos, the availability and widespread use of
sophisticated surface analytical tools has proven a boon in adhe
sive joints research and in this volume are included many examples
illustrating the usefulness of these techniques.
The purpose of a symposium is to present the state of know
ledge of the topic under consideration and it can best be accom
plished by a blend of overviews and original research papers. This
is exactly what was done in this Symposium and as a result this
volume contains a number of overview papers and unpublished orig
inal research contributions. It should be added here that all
papers were properly reviewed as comments from the peers are a
desideratum to maintain the standard of publications. As a result,
most manuscripts were returned to the respective authors for suit
able revisions. It should also be pointed out that this volume
contains some papers which were not presented, and certain papers
which were presented are not included for a variety of reasons. As
for the discussion section, yours truly had hoped to include dis
cussion at the end of each paper or group of allied papers, but the
number of written questions received did not vindicate undertaking
such endeavor. However, it should be recorded that there were many
spontaneous and lively discussions both formally in the auditorium
as well as in other (more relaxed) places.
Even a cursory look at the Table of Contents shows that many
facets and ramifications of adhesive joints are accorded due
coverage in this volume. It is hoped that this volume would be of
interest to both the veteran (as a reference source for contem
porary research and development activities) and to the tyro as a
fountain of new ideas.
Acknowledgements: First of all I am thankful to the Division
of Polymer Materials:Science and Engineering for sponsoring this
event, and my thanks are due to H. R. Anderson, Jr. (IBM Corp.) for
permitting me to organize this symposium and to Steve Milkovich
(IBM Corp.) for his understanding and cooperation during the tenure
of editing.
On a more personal note, I am thankful to my wife, Usha, for
helping me in more ways than one, and to my children (Anita,
Rajesh, Nisha and Seema) for rendering home environment conducive
to work and for letting me use those hours which rightfully
belonged to them. Special thanks are due to Phil Alvarez (Plenum
Publishing Corp.) for his continued interest in this project. I
would like to extend my appreciation to Barbara Mutino (Office
Communications) for meeting various typing deadlines with a smile.
Special thanks are due to the unsung heroes (reviewers) for their
time and valuable comments. The generous support of the Petroleum
Research Fund of the American Chemical Society towards travel
PREFACE vii
expenses of certain invited overseas speakers is gratefully
acknowledged. Last, but not least, the cooperation and enthusiasm
of the contributors is sincerely appreciated without which this
book would not have seen the light of day.
K. L. Mittal
IBM Corporation
Hopewell Junction, New York 12533
CONTENTS
PART I. SUBSTRATE AND INTERFACIAL ASPECTS
The Role of Surface and Bulk Characterization in the
Evaluation of Adhesive Joints
W. L. Baun ••.••.••.•••••••.•••.••••••••.•••••••••••••• 3
Practical Adhesion Measurement in Adhering Systems: A Phase
Boundary Sensitive Test
A. A. Roche, M. J. Romand and F. Sidoroff ••••••••••••• 19
Effect of a Phenol Formaldehyde Resin on the Adhesion of a
Polysulfide Sealant
R. Ramaswamy and P. Sasidharan Achary ••••••••••••••••• 31
Polysulfide-Polyurethane Interfacial Aspects
A. M. Usmani •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 41
Epoxy Resin Wetting of E Glass Single Filaments as it
Relates to Shear Strength
E. J. Berger and Y. Eckstein •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 51
PART II. FACTORS INFLUENCING BEHAVIOR OF ADHESIVE JOINTS
Influence of Surface Roughness on Mechanical Properties of
Joints
Y. Gilibert and G. Verchery ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 69
The Effects of Surface Conditioning of AISI-304 Stainless
Steel on the Interfacial Properties of Alloy/Epoxy Composite
Structure; Adherend Surface Characterization Using X-ray
Emission Spectroscopy (LEEIXS)
F. Gaillard, A. A. Roche and M. J. Romand ••••••••••••• 85
ix
x CONTENTS
Surface Characterization of Anodic Oxides on Aluminium
Alloys by Means of Surface Potential Difference, Surface
Impedance and Surface Morphology
A. Kwakernaak, R. Exalto and H. A. van Hoof •••••••••• 103
Investigation into the Effect of Surface Treatment on the
Wettability and the Bondability of Low Surface Energy
Materials
J. P. Jeandrau •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 121
The Effect of Moisture on the Dimensional Stability of
Adhesively Bonded Joints
E. J. Hughes, J. Boutilier, and J. L. Rutherford 137
The Dimensional Stability of Epoxy Adhesive Joints
J. P. Sargent ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•.•••••••• 151
Strength Characteristics of Mono and Multiple-Wire Steel to
Steel Joints Bonded with an Epoxy Adhesive
R. W. Hylands ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 165
A Study of Adhesive Joints Between Aliphatic Polyamides and
Metals
S. S. Pesetskii, V. E. Starzynskii, and
S. V. Shcherbakov ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 195
"Honeymoon" Phenolic Fast-Setting Adhesives for Exterior
Grade Finger Joints
A. Pizzi •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 214
Ageing of Structural Film Adhesives - Changes in Chemical
and Physical Properties and the Effect on Joint Strength
C. E. M. Morris, P. J. Pearce and R. G. Davidson 231
Structural Adhesives Based on Diallyl Phthalate
.A. M. Usmani •••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••• 247
Possibilities of Integrating Surface Treatment of Bonding
Parts in the Adhesive Bonding Process
K. Ruhsland ••••••••.•.•.•.••••••.•.•••••••••••••••.••• 257
PART III: EVALUATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Evaluation of Adhesive Test Methods
G. P. Anderson, K. L. DeVries and G. Sharon 269
A Critical Appraisal of Dental Adhesion Testing
W. J. O'Brien and S. T. Rasmussen ••••••••••••••••••••• 289
CONTENTS xi
Adhesive Joint Characterization by Ultrasonic Surface and
Interface Waves
s. I. Rokhlin ..••.•••.••.••.•••••••.•.•••••.•••••••••• 307
Nondestructive Evaluation of Some Bonded Joints
T. C. Ward, M. Sheridan and D. L. Kotzev •••••••••••••• 347
Ultrasonic Assessment of Cure Rate Effects in Bonded
Honeycomb Structures .........................
R. A. Pike and R. S. Williams 369
The Three-Point Bend Test for Adhesive Joints
N. T. McDevitt and W. L. Baun ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 381
Accelerated Aging Procedures for Glue-Wood Bonds and Their
Use for In-Plant Quality Control
R. B. Jathar •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 395
Peel-Strength and Energy Dissipation
T. Igarashi ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 419
The Estimation of Adhesion in Filled Polymer Systems
Yu.S. Lipatov. T. T. Todosiychuk, P. K. Tsarev and
L. M. Sergeeva .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 433
PART IV. DURABILITY OR STABILITY ASPECTS
Adhesion and Durability of Metal/Polymer Bonds
J. D. Venables ••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 453
Failure Mechanisms in the Boundary Layer Zone of Metal/
Polymer Systems
W. Brockmann, a.-D. Hennemann and H. Kollek ••••••••••• 469
Joint Durability Studies with Abraded, Etched, Coated and
Anodized Aluminum Adherends
J. D. Minford ••••.••••••.••••••••••••.••••••••••••••.• 485
Comparative Study. of Aluminum Joint Strength and Durability
with Varying Thickness, Boehmite-Type Oxide Surfaces
J. D. Minford ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 503
Epoxy Adhesion to Copper, Part II: Electrochemical
Pretreatment
J. M. Park and J. P. Bell ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 523
Hydrothermal Stability of Titanium/Epoxy Adhesive Joints
F. J. Boerio and R. G. Dillingham ••••••••••••••••••••• 541
xii CONTENTS
A Study on Elastomer/Metal Bonds Applicable in Underwater
Sonar Systems
R. Y. Ting •..•.•.••.•.•.•.•.•••.•.......•....•.•..•.•. 555
PART V. STRESS ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE ASPECTS
Life Prediction Methodology for Adhesively Bonded Joints
J. Romanko, K. M. Liechti and W. G. Knauss •••••••••••• 567
Stress Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Joints
R. A. Kline •..•.•.•.•..•.•.••••.•.•....•.....•.•••...• 587
The Impact Strength of Adhesive Lap Joints
J. A. Harris and R. D. Adams •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 611
The Performance of Adhesive-Bonded Thin-Gauge Sheet Metal
Structures with Particular Reference to Box-Section Beams
A. Beevers and A. C. P. Kho ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 627
Cyclic uebonding of Adhesively Bonded Composites
S. Mall, W. S. Johnson and R. A. Everett, Jr. 639
Effects of Low Cycle Loading on Shear Stressed Adhesive
Bondlines
W. Althof 659
Effect of Scrim Cloth on Adhesively Bonded Joints
E. C. Francis and D. Gutierrez-Lemini ••••••••••••••••• 679
PART VI. FRACTURE ASPECTS
Mechanical Measurement of Interatomic Bonding Energies at
Interfaces
E. H. Andrews •..•..•••..•••••••••••.•.••••••....•..••. 689
Review of Continuum Mechanics Factors in Adhesive Fracture
M. L. Williams •.••••••••••...•••••••••..••..••••••...• 703
Fracture Energetics of Adhesive Joints
L.-H. Lee ••..•.•••••••.•••.•••.••.•••.••.•••••.•.•.•.• 739
Fracture of Composite-Adhesive-Composite Systems
E. J. Ripling, J. S. Santner and P. B. Crosley 755
Characterization of the Fracture Behavior of Adhesive Joints
D. L. Hunston, A. J. Kinloch, S. J. Shaw and S. S. Wang 789