Table Of ContentADHESION PROBLEMS
IN THE RECYCLING
OF CONCRETE
NATO CONFERENCE SERIES
I Ecology
II Systems Science
III Human Factors
IV Marine Sciences
V Air-Sea Interactions
VI Materials Science
VI MATERIALS SCIENCE
Volume 1 Molecular Metals
Edited by William E. Hatfield
Volume 2 Materials for Advanced Batteries
Edited by D. W. Murphy, J. Broadhead, and B. C. H. Steele
Volume 3 Adhesion in Cellulosic and Wood-Based Composites
Edited by John F. Oliver
Volume 4 Adhesion Problems in the Recycling of Concrete
Edited by Pieter C. Kreijger
ADHESION PROBLEMS
IN THE RECYCLING
OF CONCRETE
Edited by
Pieter C. Kreijger
Eindhoven University of Technology
Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NATO Advanced Research Institute on Adhesion Problems in the Recycling of
Concrete (1980 : Saint-Remy-Ies-Chevreuse, France)
Adhesion problems in the recycling of concrete [proceedings!
(NATO conference series. VI, Materials science; v. 4)
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Concrete-Recycling-Congresses. I. Kreijger, Pieter C. II. Title. III. Series.
TA440.N334 1980 666'.893 81-15411
AACR2
ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8314-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8312-7
001: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8312-7
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Institute on Adhesion
Problems in the Recycling of Concrete, held November 25-28,1980,
in Saint-Remy-Ies-Chevreuse, France
© 1 981 Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
The building explosion during the years 1945-1960 will
inevitably lead to increased demolition in the next decades since
the lifetime distribution of structures no longer fulfills its
functional social requirements in an acceptable way. In the
building period mentioned there was a great increase in reinforced
and prestressed concrete construction. Consequently there is now
more and more concrete to be demolished. Increasingly severe
demands will be made upon demolition technology, including the
demand for human- and environment-friendly techniques. On the
other hand, the possibility of disposing of debris by dumping is
steadily diminishing, especially close to major cities and
generally in countries with a high population density. At the
same time in such countries and in such urban areas a shortage
of aggregates for making concrete will develop as a result of
restrictions on aggregate working because of its effect on the
environment and because of the unavailability of aggregate
deposits due to urban development.
From the foregoing it follows that recycling and re-use of
environment- and human-friendly demolished and fragmented building
rubble should be considered. The translation of this general
problem into terms of materials science is possible by forming
clear ideas of adhesion and cohesion: the whole process of
demolition, fragmentation, and recycling or re-use of concrete
is to break the bonding forces between atoms and molecules and
to form new bonds across the interfaces of various particles of
either the same nature or a different nature. Studies of these
processes are especially important since it is now known that
there is a good chance that recycling and re-use of demolished
buildings will be economically possible. Consequently an
evaluation of existing knowledge applied to the adhesion problems
in the recycling of concrete will be of great importance and
could be realized by a (first) conference on this topic, bring
ing together experts who are specialists in physical, chemical,
and/or fracture mechanical aspects of materials science, with
the aim of discussing and applying their particular knowledge
to the adhesion and cohesion aspects mentioned.
v
vi PREFACE
It was a fortunate coincidence that the formulation of the
problem as given in the preceding paragraph just fitted in with
the program of the Special Program Panel on Materials Science of
the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO. Their acceptance of our
proposal to hold such a Conference made it possible to realize
this Advanced Research Institute on "Adhesion Problems in the
Recycling of Concrete" at Saint-R~y .. les-Chevreuse, 25-28 November
1980. Without their financial help this A.R.I. would not have
been possible.
The preparation of the A.R.I. was set up by a Programming and
Organizing Committee originally consisting of Dr. L.H. Everett
(UK), Dr. G. Frohnsdorff (USA), Prof. Dr. Ing. H.K. Ri1sdorf
(W. Germany), Prof. Ir. P.C. Kreijger (The Netherlands), Dr. J.J.
Mills (USA), and Prof. Dr. F.R. Wittmann (at that time, The Nether
lands). Later on Dr. Everett and Prof. Wittmann had to resign
owing to special circumstances. NATO appointed Prof. Kreij ger
Director of the A.R.I., and he took care of and is responsible
for the realization of the organization.
We are grateful to the "Union Technique Interprofessione11e"
of the "Federation Nationa1e du Batiment" in Paris for their con
sent to make use of all facilities of their research center
"Domaine de Saint Paul" at Saint-Reny-1es-Chevreuse. Our special
gratitude goes to Mrs. M. Geude1in of the "Direction de 1a
Recherche," "Relations Internationa1es," who not only made all
organizational preparations for a four-day stay of about thirty
persons at the research center, but also looked after technical
facilities (Mr. Millet) and typing and copying capacity
(Mrs. Vallot) during the meetings, and kept exe11ent minutes and
prepared reviews of the various discussions at the A.R.I., partly
assisted by Mrs. M.J. Rubens as a freelance second secretary.
Looking back to this first scientific conference on the
recycling of concrete, consisting of a series of invited lectures,
giving the state of the art of related background fields, and
(eight) workshops under such headings as "Fragmentation," "Con
tamination," "Recycling," "Re-use," and "Future demolition-friendly
materials," with invited introductory lectures, I wish to thank
all participants for the cooperative, cheerful, and positive
manner in which they approached the assigned work, especially the
difficult task of preparing workshop reports. We realize that the
success of our discussions was stimulated to a great extent by the
great effort that was put into papers and introductory lectures,
and our gratitude goes to the authors; we are grateful for all
special contributions given during the workshop sessions or later
on, and which have been incorporated into these Proceedings.
PREFACE
~i
In line with the foregoing, the Proceedings of this A.R.I.
are composed of four parts:
Part 1 - Organization of the A.R.I.
Part 2 - Lectures, discussions, and general discussion.
Part 3 - Introductory lectures to workshops, workshop reports,
and contributions to workshops.
Part 4 - Concluding remarks.
The information that has become available reveals numerous
opportunities for new and demanding research in this field and
should provide helpful directions to those who are already involved
with this research, to those who wish to enter the field, and to
those who are responsible for making administrative decisions.
Finally I want to thank my secretary, Mrs. D.M. Vermeltfoort
Danen, for her organizational assistance and the care taken with
all correspondence.
Eindhoven Pieter C. Kreijger
December 1980
CONTENTS
PART 1 ORGANIZATION • 1
1 Introduction • 3
2 Program 4
3 Participants • 11
4 Proceedings • • • • 11
PART 2 LECTURES, DISCUSSIONS, AND GENERAL DISCUSSION 13
1.1 Introduction and stating the problems -
p • c. Kreij ger •.• . . . . . • . • . . . . . 15
1.2 Additional information given during the presen
tation: Case study of the Netherlands -
P .C. Kreijger .............. . 35
2.1 The structure of concrete: a macroscopic view -
C.D. Pomeroy ••••• 39
2.2 Discussion •••••••••••••• 62
3.1 Principles of adhesion - bonding in cement and
concrete - D. Tabor 63
3.2 Discussion •••••• 88
4.1 Contamination problems in the recycling of concrete
- J.F. Young 91
4.2 Discussion • • • • 98
5.1 Fracture energy of concrete - H.K. Hilsdorf and
S. Ziegeldorf 101
5.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.1 Adsorption sensitive fracture and fragmentation -
J.J. Mills •••• 125
6.2 Discussion • • • • • 161
ix
x CONTENTS
7.1 Economics of concrete recycling in the United States
- S. Frondistou-Yannas • • ••• 163
7.2 Discussion • • • • • 186
8. General Discussion • 187
PART 3 INTRODUCTORY LECTURES TO WORKSHOPS, MINUTES OF
WORKSHOPS, WORKSHOP REPORTS, AND CONTRIBUTIONS
TO WORKSHOPS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 193
1. Workshop 1 - Fragmentation of plain and reinforced
concrete ........... . 195
1.1 Minutes of workshop 1 - M. Geudelin • • • • • • 197
1.2 Contribut ions
1.2.1 Demolition techniques for concrete structures -
P. Lind sell .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
1.2.2 Observed energy - dissipative features of crackpro-
pagation in mortar - S. Mindess and S. Diamond •• 217
2. Workshop 4 - Fragmentation of prestressed concrete • 225
2.1 Introductory lecture: Demolition of prestressed
concrete structures - P. Lindsell 227
2.2 Minutes of workshop 4 - M. Geudelin • • • • • 237
2.3 Contributions
2.3.1 Explosives for localized cutting in concrete -
C. Molin .................... . 241
3. Workshop 5 - Contamination effects on fragmentation,
fibre and polymer concrete • • • • • • • •• 243
3.1 Introductory lecture: Materials characterization
for fragmentation - S.P. Shah •••• 245
3.2 Report on workshop 5 - S. Mindess 263
3.3 Contributions
3.3.1 Correlation between fracture toughness and zeta
potential of cementstone - A.T.F. Neerhoff • • 267
4. Workshop 8 - Fragmentation of all types of concrete
- research needs • • • • • • • • • • 285
4.1 Minutes of workshop 8 - M. Geudelin 287
4.2 Contributions
4.2.1 Recommended flow chart for future research
activities concerning demolition and
fragmentation of concrete - O. Ishai • • 290
5. Workshop 2 - Recycling of concrete (aggregates for
use in concrete) • • • • • • • • • • • • 291
5.1 Introductory lecture: Crushed concrete as concrete
aggregate - B. Mather ••••••••••• 293
CONTENTS xi
5.2.1 Minutes of workshop 2 - M. Geudelin ••• • 303
5.2.2 Report on workshop 2 - S. Frondistou-Yannas 307
5.3 Contributions
5.3.1 Classification of recycled aggregate, proposed in
the Netherlands - P.C. Kreijger •••••• 309
5.3.2 Fragmentation and recycling of reinforced concrete,
some research results - Ir. C. De Pauw ..••.• 311
5.3.3 The role of a polymeric interlayer in improving
mechanical characteristics of recycled concrete -
o. Isbai ................. . 321
6. Workshop 3 - Re-use of concrete (other than as
aggregate) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 323
6.1 Introductory lecture: Recycling of concrete into
new applications - R.L. Berger and S.H. Carpenter 325
6.2.1 Minutes of the presentation of the introductory
lecture - M. Geudelin • • • • • • • 341
6.2.2 Report on workshop 3 - C.D. Pomeroy •••••• 343
6.3 Contributions
6.3.1 Example of re-use of concrete in France - R. Sierra 347
6.3.2 Reflecting properties of a road surface -
J.H. de Boer •••••• 349
7. Workshop 7 - Contamination effects on recycling and
re-use . • . . . . . . . . . . . 351
7.1 Introductory comments - G. Frohnsdorff • 353
7.2'.1 Minutes of workshop 7 - M. Geudelin 359
7.2.2 Report on workshop 7 - G. Frohnsdorff • • • • • 363
7.3 Contributions
7.3.1 The effect of gypsum on length change and strength
of portland- and portland blastfurnace
cementstone specimen - P.C. Kreijger ••• 373
7.3.2 The influence of contaminants on the quality and
the behaviour of recycled concrete -
Ir. H. Lambotte and Ir. C. De Pauw • • • • 379
8. Workshop 8 - Future demolition-friendly materials. 385
8.1 Introductory comments - D.M. Roy • • • • • • • • • • 387
8.2 Minutes of workshop 6 - M. Geudelin • • • • • 391
8.3 Contributions
8.3.1 Some notes regarding the performance of waste
materials and concrete in building components -
P • C. Kreij ger •••••••••• 395
PART 4 CONCLUDING REMARKS 403
Concluding remarks - P.C. Kreijger 405
List of Participants • 411
Index 417
