Table Of ContentCaldasia 19(1-2): 247-255
ADDITIONS TO THE LlCHEN FLORA OF
ARARACUARA (COLOMBIAN AMAZONIA)
J. M.
HARRIE SIPMAN
Botanical Gardenand Museum, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 6-8, 0-14191 Berlin, Germany,Email: < hsipman @ fub
46.Zedat.fu -berlin. de
Resumen
Investigaciones recientes de campo en la vegetación primaria en los alrededores de
Araracuara (sectorColombiano delacuencaAmazónica) demostraron lapresencia deuna
floraliquénicadegranvariedadenlosbosquesyenlassabanasenlasmesetasdearenis-
ca. Se presentan 93 especies, principalmente encorteza, suelo yarenisca. Enconjunto
conlasespeciesanteriormente publicadas, haceuntotalde211especies, cuyonúmeroes
probablemente menorquelamitaddelafloraactual.
Palabras clave: Liquen, Flora, Araracuara, Colombia
Abstract
Recentfieldwork intheprimaryvegetationaroundAraracuara (ColombiansectorofAmazon
Basin)showedthepresenceofavariedlichenfloraintheforestsandthesavannahs onthe
sandstone table land.Here93speciesarerecorded, mainlygrowingontreebark,rockand
soíl,raisingthetotalnumberofknown speciesfromtheareato211.Inspiteofthese additions
the lichenflora lsstillsupposed tobelessthanhalf-way known.
Keywords: Lichen, Flora,Araracuara, Colombia
Introduction However, little attention was paid to lichens
by then, and serious investigation of the
The Amazon basin is well-known as the lichen flora started only through the activities
world's largest continuous area of humid tro- of the Corporación Colombiana para la
pical lowland forest, with a long geological Amazonia-Araracuara. Phytosociological
history.Accordingly itsfloraandfaunaarevery investigations around 1990 by A. M. Cleef
diverse and it constitutes one of the world's and J. Duivenvoorden (Duivenvoorden &
most important centres of biodiversity. For a Cleef 1994) showed that a varied terricolous
long time it has been unclear whether this is lichen flora was present on the tablelands.
also true for lichens. Recent investigations Information on the epiphytic lichen flora
have shown that tropical lowland forests are became available through field work by the
an important diversity centre for lichens author in 1988 (Sipman 1990).
(Gradstein 1992), and several of the princi-
pal groups of lichens appear to be con- The vegetation of the investigation area
centrated in tropical lowlands (Aptroot & ranges from tall rain forest along the streams
Sipman, in press). Consequent1y,Araracuara and on well-drained plains, to low andopen
with its surroundings, situated in theAmazon forest in swamps and on quartzite plateau's.
basin and with a wide range of primary Locally the forest is interrupted by bare rock
vegetation types, is a very promising place flats andexposed orshaded rock outcrops and
to investigate lichen diversity. escarpments. ConsequentIy a wide range of
lichen habitats is available: foliicolous in
The first botanical exploration in Araracuara forest undergrowth and in more open spots,
was remarkably earIy, already in the be- corticolous in the shade of the lower forest
ginning ofthe last century (cf. Martius 1828). levels and in the lighter and more open
248 CaldasiaVol. 19,Nos.1·2, 1997
situation of the canopy and in scrub; saxi- The results of the foliicolous lichens have
colous on shaded or well-lit quartzite rocks; already been published before (Sipman 1990),
and terricolous on acid, sandy or humous soil, In addition, Mycomicrothelia hemispherica
The most species-rich of these, habitats are and M. thelena were published by Aptroot
probably the leaves ofthe forest undergrowth (1991: 131) and Cladonia carassensis by
(cf Sipman 1990) and branches ofthe canopy Sipman (1993: 306). Several specimens were
(cf Montfoort & Ek 1990), included in publications of new species:
Buellia bellardii (Sipman 1992: 19), Bulbo-
thrix leprieurii (Sipman & van Aubel 1992:
Methods
2), Byssoloma farkasii (Sipman & Aptroot
1992: 98), Ocellularia sinuosa (Sipman 1992:
From 29 October to 3November 1988 alichen
30), Parmotrema aptrootii (Sipman & van
survey was made by H. Sipman and J,
Aubel 1992: 3), Parmotrema aurantia-
Duivenvoorden, accompanied by A. Jarami-
coparvum (Sipman & van Aubel 1992: 4),
llo, R. Hofstede and J, Wolf, For details see
Porina epilucida Sipman (Aptroot & Sipman
also Sipman (1990), The following habitats
1994: 21) and Thelotrema albomaculatum
were visited: high forest; low forest on rocky
(Sipman & Aptroot 1992: 89),
soil; open forest on oligotrophic swampy soil;
rock flats; secondary vegetation. Usually only
In the literature 16 records basing on other
specimens within reach from the ground were
collections were found, The visit by Martius
studied. Occasionally canopy branches were
resulted in the report of Pseudocyphellaria
available for study, Samples were collected
aurata (Martius 1828: 24, Eschweiler 1833:
from as many lichens as possible and studied
216), here considered as a misidentification,
with the usual means, The first set of these
see note below, Ahti reported Cladonia
samples is deposited in the Herbario Ama-
pulviniformis (1990: 264) and C. spinea
zonico, a large set of duplicates in B,
(1986: 217), both collected by H, W. Wool-
Identifications are by the author, A literature
house in 1977, Several terricolous lichens
search was made for additional reports.
were reported by Duivenvoorden & Cleef
(1994), basing on their fieldwork: Cladia
Results aggregata, Cladina sprucei, Cladonia cara-
ssensis, C. corallifera, C. crassiuscula, C.
The 1988 field work resulted in a total of 823 didyma, C. furfuracea, C. peltastica, C.
collected specimens. Of these 609 could be pulviniformis, C. secundana, C. signata, C.
identified to species level. They appeared to spinea, C. vareschii, C. variegata, Siphula
belong to some 210 species in over 90 gene- carassana and S, decumbens.
ra; 214 collections are provisionally identified
or left unidentified for various reasons, such Additional species from the collections by
as poor taxonomic knowledge of the group Sipman &Duivenvoorden are presented below,
or poor quality of the specirnen. Three For all available specimens the collection
additional species were found in the literature, numbers are given, under which they can be
found inthe Herbario Amazonico, The numbers
The high identification rate is caused to some in brackets refer to the localities, which are
listed below and contain habitat information,
extent by selective collecting: crustose
-specimens were usually not collected when
no ascocarps could be observed in the field, Arthonia orbignyae (Upadhyay) Matzer - (1;
Such «sterile crustose» lichens are impossible 27775; (6) 28033; (9) 28248; (12) 28556
to identify with the usual keys based on Foliicolous, not reported by Sipman (1990),
ascocarp features, However, they are quite
common and make out an important part of Astrothelium cinnamomeum (Eschw.) Müll
the lichen vegetation on tree trunks, Arg. - (6) 28078, Corticolous.
I
(ft'RC:::;·"" G.,·'···O! ,,.,1'1 "l~
••. ~.-\ 1
Sipman.H.Araraeuara lieh.ns 249
Astrothelium confusumMüll.Arg. -(5)27864. Coccocarpia domingensis Vainio - (6) 28081;
Corticolous. (11) 28397. Corticolous.
Astrothelium galbineum Kremp. - (5) 27863; Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinscow
(6) 27908. Corticolous. & Krog - (8) 28168; (ll) 28424. Corticolous ..
Astrothelium gigasporum Harris -(12) 28445, Coccocarpia imbricascens Nyl. - (8) 28170;
28498. Corticolous. (10) 28357, 28359; (ll) 28396; (12) 28449.
Corticolous. Specimens 28359 and 28449
Astrothelium subfuscum Kremp. -(12) 28502. contain an orange pigment on the lower side,
Corticolous. probably the same pigment as in C.
erythrocardia (Müll. Arg.) Arvidss.
Biatora pyrrhomelaena Tuck. - (6) 27932; (9)
Coccocarpia palmicola (Spreng.) Arvidss. &
28318. Corticolous. The second specimen is
Gallow. - (8) 28169. Corticolous.
identified with hesitation, it is sorediate.
Coenogonium implexum Nyl. - (6) 28003.
Buellia coccinea (Fée) Aptroot - (3) 27824.
Corticolous.
Corticolous.
Coenogonium leprieurii (Mont.) Nyl. - (4)
Bulbothrix fungicola (Lynge) Hale - (11)
27840, 27841; (6) 27935, 28002; (7) 28089;
28393. Corticolous.
(11) 28400. Corticolous.
Bulbothrix goebelii (Zenk.) Hale - (8) 28172.
Crocynia gossypina (Sw.) Massal. - (12)
Corticolous.
28471. Corticolous.
Byssoloma amazonicum Kalb & Vezda - (1)
Crocynia pyxinoides Nyl. - (6) 28077; (8)
27742; (6) 27994; (9) 28202. Foliicolous, not
28142. Corticolous.
reported by Sipman (1990).
Dictyonema glabratum (Spreng.) D. Hawksw.
Byssoloma minutissimum Kalb & Vezda - (7)
- (8) 28143. Corticolous.
28095; (9)28205,28230,28231;(12)28523.
Foliicolous, not reported by Sipman (1990).
Dictyonema sericeum (Sw.) Berkh. - (5)
27857; (8) 28144, 28161; (11) 28399,28401;
Canoparme/ia amazonica (Nyl.) Elix & Hale (12) 28483, 28484. Corticolous.
- (5) 27862. Corticolous. .
Dimelaena diffractella (MüIl. Arg.) Sheard -
Celothelium dominicanum (Vain.) Aguirre - (5) 27873. On sandstone.
(3) 27837 ..Corticolous.
Eschatogonia prolifera (Mont.) R. Sant. in
Chiodecton sphaerale Ach. - (8) 28138. Swinsc. & Krog - (6) 27920; (9) 28317; (12)
Corticolous. 28473. Corticolous.
Chroodiscus neotropicus Kalb &Vezda - (lO) Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vezda - (1)
28374. Foliicolous. Included in Sipman 1990: 27761. Foliicolous, not reported by Sipman
63 as «ined.», (1990).
Cladonia polyscypha Ahti & Xavier Filho - Graphina incrustans (Fée) Müll, Arg. - (9)
(5) 27896. On humous soil. 28322; (12) 28458. Corticolous.
250 Caldasia Vol.19.Nos. 1-2.1997
Graphina insculpta (Eschw.) Müll.Arg.-(12) Myriotremaprotocetraricum (Hale) Hale -(6)
28436. Corticolous. 27953,27954; (9)28289,28298,28299;(13)
28584. Corticolous. TLC: protocetraric acid.
Graphina marcescens (Fée) Müll. Arg. - (6)
27922, 27930. Corticolous. Myriotrema subwrightii (Hale) Hale - (13)
28587. Corticolous. TLC: psoromic acid.
Graphis afzelii Ach. -(3)27839.Corticolous.
Ocel/ularia amplior (Nyl.)Redgr, - (8)28149;
Graphis dumastii (Fée) Spreng. - (1) 27699; (9) 28330; (11) 28417; (12) 28490.
(9) 28321. The species has been used here in Corticolous. TLC: protocetraric acid; in the
a wide sence, with disregard of chemical thallus of nr. 28490 protocetraric acid could
differences. Corticolous. not be demonstrated.
Graphisjlexibilis Kremp. -(6)28073, 28075; Ocellu/aria auberiana (Mont.) Hale - (1)
(11) 28427. Corticolous. 27715; (6) 27919. Corticolous. TLC:
psoromic acid.
Graphis grammitis Fée -(6)279Q5;(9)28306.
Corticolous. Ocellu/aria cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg. - (12)
28470. Corticolous.TLC:unknown substances
Gyalidea epiphylla Vezda - (7) 28105. (ccinchonarumunknown»).The specimenlacks
Foliicolous, not reported by Sipman (1990). the usual, yellow pigment. Another specimen
of this locality, nr. 28469, deviates by the
«Lecidea» /eucophyllina Nyl. - (5) 27851. presence of apinkish pigment in the medulla.
Corticolous. The species has been attributed
to the genus Lecidea in a wide sense. Ocel/u/aria comparabilis (Kremp.) Müll.Arg.
-(1)27705, 27708, 27716;(6)27945,27947;
Mazosia bambusae (Vainio) R. Santo - (1) (12)28459, 28464; (13) 28582. Corticolous.
27771; (6) 28028; (7) 28111;(9) 28243;(10) TLC: psoromic acid. The material is very
28382; (12) 28551. Foliicolous. Reported variable and the determination is somewhat
before by Sipman (1990: 62) as M. uncertain; there maybemore than one species
pseudobambusae. included.
Mazosia dispersa (Hedrick) R. Santo - (1) Ocel/u/aria crocea (Kremp.) v.Overeem -(6)
27768; (6)28025; (9)28240; (10)28380; (11) 27903,27926. Corticolous. TLC:unidentified
28412; (12) 28547. Foliicolous, not reported pigment.
by Sipman (1990).
Ocellularia /epadinoides (Leight.) A. Zahlbr.
Megalospora tuberculosa (Fée) Sipman - (8) - (9) 28288,28331; (10) 28354,28356; (12)
28146; (11) 28430; (12) 28461. Corticolous. 28439, 28440, 28462, 28496. Corticolous.
TLC: protocetraric acid.
Myriotrema calvescens (Fée) Hale - (1)
27697; (6) 27957; (9) 28286, 28290. Ocellulariapapillata (Leight.)A. Zahlbr. - (6)
Corticolous. The identification is uncertain. 27961,27962;(9)28283,28284,28287,28296,
28301. Corticolous. TLC: no identifiable
Myriotrema myriocarpum (Fée) Hale - (12) substances.
28460. Corticolous.
Ocellularia perforata (Leight.) Müll. Arg. -
Myriotrema myrioporum (Tuck.) Hale - (5) (1) 27696,27713; (6) 27916,27943,27944,
27870; (12) 28494. Corticolous. 27946, 27948, 27949, 27955, 27956, 27959,
Sipman,H.Araracuara lichens 251
27963; (9) 28285, 28291, 28292, 28293, Polymeridium albidum (Müll, Arg.) Harris -
28294, 28297, 28302; (12) 28442, 28488, (5) 27858. Corticolous,
28500; (13) 28580, 28585; 28590,
Corticolous. TLC: protocetraric acid, Polymeridium subcinereum (Nyl.) Harris -(6)
27904; (9) 28327, Corticolous,
Ocellularia recondita (Stirt.) A, Zahlbr, - (9)
28295; (13) 28588, Corticolous. Porina exasperatula Vain. - (9) 28281.
Corticolous,
Ocellularia rhodostroma (Mont.) Zahlbr, - (8)
28141, Corticolous. The specimen lacks
Porina fusca Lücking - (1) 27783, 27784,
ascomata and was identified by its chemistry Foliicolous, not reported by Sipman (1990).
and the presence of the characteristic, glossy
isidia.
Porina lucida R, Sant. - (7) 28121a.
Foliicolous, not reported by Sipman (1990),
Parmotrema blanchetii (Hue) Hale - (5)
27877,27878, On sandstone, TLC: atranorin,
Porina mastoidea (Ach.) Müll, Arg. - (7)
usnic and protocetraric acids,
28085; (8) 28147, 28148, Corticolous.
Parmotrema cristiferum (Tayl.) Hale - (11)
Porina rugosa Vezda - (6) 28048; (7) 28128,
28432; (12) 28485. Corticolous. TLC:
Foliicolous. Already reported by Sipman
atranorin and salazinic acid,
(1990: 63) as «ined.».
Parmotrema flavotinctum (Hale) Hale - (11)
Porina tetracerae (Afz, in Ach.) Müll, Arg. -
28434. Corticolous. TLC: atranorin and
(1) 27694; 27714; (6) 27913; (9) 28282,
unidentified substance.
Corticolous,
Parmotrema sulphuratum (Nees) Hale - (8)
Pseudoparmelia chapadensis (Lynge) Hale -
28176. Corticolous. TLC: atranorin, vulpinic
(2) 27815, On sandstone. TLC: unidentified
acid.
pigment.
Phaeographina caesiopruinosa (Fée) Müll,
Pyrenula anomala (Ach.) Vainio - (9) 28313,
Arg. - (6) 27901; (9) 28345; (11) 28422,
28314; (10) 28362, Corticolous, The spores
Corticolous,
in the available specimens measure 12-15 x
4-6 umand are thus considerably smaller than
Phaeographina chrysocarpa (Raddi) Redgr,
indicated by Harris (1989: 85), Therefore their
- (3) 27820. Corticolous, No spores seen,
identity is somewhat uncertain,
Phylloblastia amazonica Kalb & Vezda - (6)
Pyrenula marginata Hook. in Kunth - (12)
28041; (7) 28120; (9) 28254, Foliicolous,
28492, Corticolous,
Cited by Sipman (1990: 63) as Pocsia sp,
Pyxine obscurascens Malme - (5) 27875. On
Phyllopsora buettneri (Müll. Arg.) A. Zahlbr,
sandstone.
- (5) 27871. Corticolous. The chemistry of
the ...!!laterial has not been investigated,
therefore the subspecies could not be Sarcographa leprieurii (Mont.) Müll, Arg. -
established. (3) 27822, Corticolous.
Physcidia wrightii Tuck, - (5) 27850, Squamacidia janeirensis var, endococcinea
Corticolous. (A. Zahlbr.) Brako - (10) 28355, Corticolous,
252 Caldasia Vol.19,Nos. 1-2,1997
The/otrema dissutum (Hale) Hale -(1)27702; Xanthoparme/ia substenophy/lodes Hale -(2)
(6) 27917, 27939; (9) 28311, 28312, 27817, On sandstone. The identification is
Corticolous. TLC: no identifiable substances. somewhat uncertain because the specimen is
very small and the result of the TLC analysis
The/otrema refertum (Hale) Hale -(1)27703; was unclear.
(6) 27918,27924, 28072; (10) 28358; (11)
28428; (12) 28451, 28465 cf', 28491, The following literature records appeared to
Corticolous, TLC: hypoprotocetraric acid, be incorrect,
Trieharia vainioi R. Sant. - (1) 27790; (6) Bacidia consimilis (Müll. Arg.) R. Santo
28058; (7) 28132; (9) 28268; (12) 28573. (Sipman1990:62)isbasedonmisidentification.
Foliicolous. The specimens differs from the
description by Santesson (1952: 328) slightly
Leproeo/lema sp.?(Sipman 1990:63)isbased
bythe frequently pale colour ofthe apothecia;
on misinterpretation of the genus,
moreover Santesson (l.e,) does not report this
species from the Neotropics. Reported by
Mazosia pseudobambusae Kalb & Vezda
Sipman (1990: 63) as T. cf. carnea (Müll.
(Sipman 1990: 62) is based on misiden-
Arg.) R. Sant.
tification of M, bambusae.
Tricharia helminthospora R. Sant. - (6)
Poesia sp. (Sipman 1990: 63) is based on
28063; (9) 28270. Foliicolous, not reported
material belonging to the recently described
by Sipman (1990).
Phy/lob/astia amazoniea.
Triehothelium epiphy/lum var, minutum
Lücking -(1)27793.Foliicolous, notreported Pseudocyphellaria aurata (Ach.) Vain.
by Sipman (1990). (Martius 1828: 24, as Parmelia; Eschweiler
in Martius 1833: 216, as Parmelia). Occu-
Trypethelium aeneum (Eschw.) Zahlbr. - (3) rrence of this species is very unlikely at sueh
27828; (5) 27869; (6) 27898. Corticolous. a low elevation in the tropics, The spore
description of Eschweiler (simple) also
Trypethelium e/uteriae Spreng. - (5) 27866; indicates that it concems a misidentification.
(9) 28338. Corticolous. Very likely it concems Parmotrema su/phu-
ratum, which has simple spores and a super-
Trypethelium infuseatu/um Müll. Arg. - (6) ficial resemblance with Ps. aurata because
of its yellow medulla.
27907, Corticolous.
Trypethelium nitidiuscu/um (Nyl.) Harris -(1) The collecting localities
27709, (3) 27825; (6) 27931, 28076; (8)
28163. Corticolous. (1) 29 Oct. 1988. Dept. CAQUETA. Arara-
cuara, tableland near airstrip, Alt. 350 m. Co-
Trypethelium oehro/eucum (Eschw.)Nyl. -(3) ord. 0°36' S, 72°26' W.A10ngtrail from road
27827, 27834; (5) 27868; (9) 28335, 28336, Araracuara-Puerto Arturo to Cueva de
28340; (11) 28423. Corticolous. Guacharos, in low forest on podsolized soil/
inforest onsteepslopetowards river Caquetá.
Ty/ophoron protrudens Nyl. - (1) 27692.
Corticolous. (2) 29 Oct. 1988. Dept. CAQUETA. Ara-
racuara, tableland near airstrip. Alt. 350 m.
Usnea baileyi (Stirt.) A. Zahlbr. - (5) 27856. Co-ord. 0°36' S, 72°26' W. Sandstone plates
Corticolous. TLC: usnic, norstictic and in savannah between airstrip and Balcon del
diffractaic acids. Diablo.
Sipman,H.Araracuara lichens 253
(3) 29 Oct. 1988. Dept. CAQUETA. Araracua- Sosa», about halfway. Alt. c. 240 m. Co-ord.
ra, along road to airstrip. Alt. 300 m. Co-ord. 0°42' S, 72°07' W. c. 10 m tall, light forest,
0°36' S, 72°26' W. Epiphyte on smalI tree in dominated by Euterpe precatoria (Chuqueal)
secondary vegetation and gardens. on boggy soil.
(4) 30 Oct. 1988. Comisaría AMAZONAS. (11) 2 Nov. 1988. Comisaría AMAZONAS.
Araracuara, tableland on S-side of river Comunidad de Villazul, E of Araracuara. N-
Caquetá W of Puerto Santander, opposite bank of river Caquetá, opposite Isla Mari-
airstrip of Araracuara. Alt. 300 m. Co-ord. ñame. «Pantano de Monica Sosa». Alt. c. 240
0°36' S, 72°24' W. TalI forest on slopes W of m. Co-ord, 0°42' S, 72°07' W.c. 6m tall, light
Puerto Santander. forest, dominated by small Clusia and
Bombacaceae, on peat, 4 km N of the river.
(5) 30 Oct. 1988. Comisaría AMAZONAS.
(12) 3 Nov. 1988. Comisaría AMAZONAS.
Araracuara, tableland on S-side of river
Comunidad de Villazul, E of Araracuara. N-
Caquetá W of Puerto Santander, opposite
bank of river Caquetá, opposite E-end of Isla
airstrip of Araracuara. Alt. 350 m. Co-ord.
0°36' S, 72°25' W. Sandstone plates with low Morrocoy. Alt. c. 300 m. Co-ord. 0°36' S,
72°1O'W. c. 10m tall, light savannaforest on
savannah forest, «Ciudad Perdida» 1 km W
podsolized soil with peaty top layer, on
of Chorro de Araracuara.
Tertiary sediments, 2 km N of the river.
(6) 31 Oct. 1988. Dept. CAQUETA. 2.5 km
(13) 3 Nov. 1988. Comisaría AMAZONAS.
NE of Araracuara. Alt. 250 m. Co-ord, 0°37'
Comunidad de Villazul, E of Araracuara. N-
S, 72°23' W. c. 30 m tall, hardly disturbed
bank of river Caquetá, opposite E-end of Isla
forest on Low Terrace ofriver Caquetá (<<par-
Morrocoy. Alt. c. 250 m. Co-ord. 0°36' S,
celas de Marcela Torres»).
72° 1O'W. c. 30 m tall, primary forest on steep
slope near river.
(7) 1Nov. 1988. Comisaría AMAZONAS. Co-
munidad de Villazul, E of Araracuara. Isla
Conclusions
Mariñame in river Caquetá. Alt. 240 m. Co-ord.
0°45' S, 72°06' W. Primary forest near river.
The present list, together with the published
information, gives atotal of211 fully identified
(8) 1Nov. 1988. Comisaría AMAZONAS. Co-
lichen species forAraracuara and surroundings.
munidad de Villazul, E of Araracuara. Isla
These inc1ude about 90 foliicolous taxa, a si-
Mariñame inriver Caquetá. Alt. 240 m. Co-ord,
milar number of corticolous taxa, about 20
0°45' S, 72°06' W. Swamp with Mauritia
terricolous taxa, and a few saxicolous taxa.
flexuosa and little trees, c. 1.5km Softhe river,
A comparison with published lichen lists from
(9) 2 Nov. 1988. Comisaría AMAZONAS.
comparable areas in Venezuela and Guyana
Comunidad de Villazul, E of Araracuara. N-
(Sipman 1992, Sipman &Aptroot 1992) shows
bank of river Caquetá, opposite Isla Ma-
that more foliicolous species are known from
riñame. Along trail to «Pantano de Monica
Araracuara, but less corticolous species. There
Sosa». Alt. c. 240 m. Co-ord. 0°42' S, 72°07'
seems to be no reason to assume that the lichen
W. c. 30 m tall primary forest on Low Terrace flora of these areas is really different, and the
of river Caquetá, close to the river. most likely explication is that the corticolous
lichen flora ofAraracuara ismore incompletely
(10) 2 Nov. 1988. Comisaría AMAZONAS. known. This is plausible in view of the limited
Comunidad de Villazul, E of Araracuara. N- time available for fieldwork and, more
bank of river Caquetá, opposite Isla Mari- important, the difficulty to explore the most
ñame. Along trail to «Pantano de Monica important habitat, the canopy.
254 Caldasia Vol.19,Nos. 1-2,1997
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itinere annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX per
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