Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice

1118 Pages·2019·22.723 MB·English

by  Bankole A. Johnson

Addiction Medicine
Science and Practice
2nd EDITION
Bankole A. Johnson, DSc, MD, MB, ChB, MPhil, DFAPA, FRCPsych, FACFEI, ABDA
Founder and Executive Chairman
The Global Institutes on Addictions and the Hyperion Institute
Miami, Florida
Founder and Chairman of Board of Directors
Adial Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Charlottesville, Virginia
Professor of Anatomy and Neurobiology
Professor of Medicine
Professor of Neurology
Professor of Pharmacology
Professor of Psychiatry
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Former Dr. J Irving Taylor Professor and Chairman of Psychiatry
University of Maryland
Former Alumni Professor and Chairman of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences
University of Virginia
Elsevier
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ADDICTION MEDICINE: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE: ISBN: 978-0-323-75440-8
SECOND EDITION
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Chapter 16, “Neurobiological Basis of Drug Reward and Reinforcement” by David M. Lovinger,
is in the public domain.
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My wonderful boys, now and for all of time.
v
About the Editor
achievement as it shows a path from the scientific setting to the
bedside and into the community. Rarely do scientists champion
the development of their ideas into a nationally recognized phar-
maceutical company.
Biography
Professor Johnson was born on 5 November 1959 in Nigeria.
Johnson attended King’s College in Lagos, Nigeria, and received
his diploma in 1975. He then went on to Davies’ College in Sus-
sex, England, followed by the Institute Catholique de Paris (now
the Catholic University of Paris) in Paris, France. Johnson gradu-
ated from the University of Glasgow in Scotland in 1982 at the
age of 22 years with a Medicinae Baccalaureum et Chirurgie Bac-
calaureum degree. He went on to train in psychiatry at the Royal
London Hospital, the Maudsley Hospital, and the Bethlem Royal
Hospital and in research at the Institute of Psychiatry (University
Professor Bankole A. Johnson, DSc, MD, MB, ChB, MPhil, of London). In 1991, Johnson graduated from the University of
DFAPA, FRCPsych, FACFEI, ABDA, is one of the leading neu- London with a Master of Philosophy degree in neuropsychiatry.
roscientists in the world. He was the Dr. J Irving Taylor Profes- Johnson conducted his doctoral research at Oxford University and
sor and Chairman of Psychiatry at the University of Maryland. obtained a doctorate degree in medicine, Medicinae Doctorem,
Professor Johnson coordinated all brain science activities at the from the University of Glasgow in 1993. Most recently, in 2004,
University of Maryland. He is a Professor of Anatomy and Neuro- Johnson earned his Doctor of Science degree in medicine from the
biology, Medicine, Neurology, Pharmacology, and Psychiatry. He University of Glasgow—the highest degree that can be granted in
is licensed as a physician and board certified as a psychiatrist. He science by a British university. These advanced degrees are for his
has been listed among the Best Doctors in America for decades. In research in neuroscience, neuropharmacology, neuroimaging, and
addition to his qualifications in medicine and neuroscience, Pro- molecular genetics.
fessor Johnson is a renowned expert in forensic psychiatry, which
is a subspecialty that seeks to understand the mental processes Honors and Awards
associated with criminal acts or behaviors. He is also one of the
world’s leading experts in addiction medicine. Professor Johnson has received many awards. Notable among
Professor Johnson’s primary area of research expertise is the them are the following:
psychopharmacology of medications for treating addictions. He 1. The 2001 Dan Anderson Research Award from the Hazelden
is internationally recognized for his work on ion channels as they Foundation for his “distinguished contribution as a researcher
pertain to the actions of the serotonin system in the brain. An who has advanced the scientific knowledge of addiction
important part of his discoveries was to combine that knowledge recovery”
with molecular genetics to develop a method of treating individu- 2. The 2002 Distinguished Senior Scholar of Distinction Award
als with alcohol use disorder, using the medication ondansetron. from the National Medical Association
This treatment modality requires no rehab—just an emphasis 3. Induction into the Texas Hall of Fame for Science, Mathemat-
on taking the tablets and about 10 minutes of follow up a week. ics, and Technology in 2003
That’s it! 4. The 2006 American Psychiatric Association Distinguished
Professor Johnson also is well known in the field for his dis- Psychiatrist Lecturer Award for outstanding achievement
covery that topiramate, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the field of psychiatry as an educator, researcher, and
facilitator and glutamate antagonist, is an effective treatment for clinician
alcoholism. 5. The 2009 Solomon Carter Fuller Award by the American Psy-
To further Professor Johnson’s work on novel treatments in chiatric Association, which honors a black citizen who has pio-
addiction, he founded a company called Adial Pharmaceuticals neered in an area that has significantly improved the quality of
and has been the Chairman of the Board of Directors since its life for black people
inception, which has grown tremendously and is now listed on 6. The 2013 Jack Mendelson Award from the National Insti-
the Nasdaq exchange (see more later). This is a very important tutes of Health for his outstanding scientific work that has
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About the Editor vii
transformed our understanding of how abnormalities in the Media
brain can promote addiction
7. The 2019 R. Brinkley Smithers Distinguished Scientist Award Professor Johnson’s discoveries have generated tremendous press
from the American Society of Addiction Medicine interest. He has been featured on all the major networks and in
In addition, Professor Johnson has an i10-index of 150 and an several press outlets, including Reuters, MSNBC, CBS, ABC,
h-index of 57 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-index); his work CNN, Fox News, USA Today, and the Associated Press. The
has been cited by other scientists more than 16,000 times. His HBO series Addiction, which featured some of his work and has
h-index places him as one of the leading scientists in the world, been watched by an estimated 30 million people, won prestigious
which is also reflected in his many international awards for his Governors Award, a special Emmy Award, from the Academy of
scientific work. Television Arts and Sciences.
More About Adial Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Coat of Arms
Adial Pharmaceutics (https://www.adialpharma.com) is listed on
the Nasdaq (Ticker: ADIL). Adial seeks to bring personalized
treatments for alcohol use disorder and other addictions. Person-
alized treatments, now better known as precision medicine, offer
the potential to reduce the variability in medication response by
targeting individuals through their genetic profile, increasing the
likelihood that a patient will respond to a particular modality of
treatment. If you have interest in learning more about Adial Phar-
maceuticals, please contact David Waldman at the following:
Crescendo Communications, LLC
Tel: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
Conflict of Interest Disclosure: Professor Johnson is the Chair-
man of the Board of Directors of Adial Pharmaceuticals and a
significant shareholder in the company.
About the Global Institutes on Addictions (GIA)
Professor Bankole Johnson was granted a coat of arms by Her
Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. As seen here, the coat of arms depicts The GIA (www.gia.miami), which was founded to deliver the best
the butterflies associated with Psyche, pills to show a relationship evidence-based translation of addiction science to clinical practice,
with the development of medicines, a quill for higher learning and aims to be at the forefront of substance abuse treatment. The GIA
scholarship, and a javelin, symbolic of his noble African ancestry. deploys innovative treatment programs using a combination of
Indeed, the markings on the javelin come from his Yoruba roots personalized neuropharmacological approaches, molecular genetic
and depict the symbol of Adimu, which is traditional to the Eyo techniques, and neurostimulation, accompanied by deep behav-
ceremony in Nigeria. The eagle is a representation of his affiliation ioral phenotyping and targeted psychobehavioral support. Syner-
with the United States, which is overlaid with the Cross of St. gizing with the GIA is the Hyperion Institute, which will offer one
George, the traditional symbol of England in its flag. The motto, of the world’s only direct-to-practice higher degrees in addiction
Animo forti fido provido, describes the drive to strive to provide medicine, and shall shepherd the latest discoveries in addiction
and help others. science to clinical practices and industry for the benefit of all.
Contributors
Ashley Acheson, PhD Danielle Barry, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Behavioral Health, Reliant Medical Group, Worcester,
Sciences, Director, Program on the Translational Science of Massachusetts
Drug Abuse, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences,
Little Rock, Arkansas Kristen Lawton Barry, PhD
Research Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychiatry,
Giovanni Addolorato, MD University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine and
Gastroenterology, Catholic University of Rome, Alcohol Use Robert Beech, MD, PhD
Disorder and Alcohol Related Disease Unit, Department Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University
of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Research
Hospital, Rome, Italy Amit Bernstein, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of
Mariangela Antonelli, MD Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
Internal Medicine Specialist, Department of Internal Medicine
and Gastroenterology, Catholic University of Rome, Alcohol Michael F. Bierer, MD, MPH, FASAM
Use Disorder and Alcohol Related Disease Unit, Department Physician, Division of General Medicine, Department of
of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Assistant
Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Research Professor, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Hospital, Rome, Italy
David S. Black, PhD, MPH
Bachaar Arnaout, MD Assistant Professor, Departments of Preventive Medicine and
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Psychology, Institute for Health Promotion and Disease
Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of
West Haven, Connecticut Southern California, Alhambra, California
David L. Atkinson, MD Derek Blevins, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University/
Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
Jeffrey N. Baldwin, PharmD, RPh, FAPhA, FASHP Frederic C. Blow, PhD
Emeritus Professor of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Professor and Director, U-M Addiction Center, Department of
Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Research Scientist, Center
Nebraska for Clinical Management Research, Department of Veterans
Affairs, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Peter A. Baldwin, PhD
Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Psychology, New South Wales Antonello Bonci, MD
University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug
Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Solomon H. Snyder
Michael T. Bardo, PhD Department of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and
Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of
Lexington, Kentucky Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Iris M. Balodis, PhD
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Neurosciences, Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research,
DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University,
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Contributors ix
Marcel O. Bonn-Miller, PhD Leon G. Coleman, Jr., MD, PhD
Assistant Professor, National Center for PTSD and Center for Research Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology,
Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North
System, Menlo Park, California, Center of Excellence in Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Substance Abuse Treatment and Education, Philadelphia
VA Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, University Gregory T. Collins, PhD
of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, The University
Pennsylvania of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio,
Texas
Marc D. Breton, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Catherine Corno, PhD
Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia School of Psychology Postdoctoral Fellow, Trauma Recovery Program, VA
Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland
Kirk J. Brower, MD Dan P. Covey, PhD
Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology,
Ann Arbor, Michigan University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Maryland
Qiana L. Brown, PhD, MPH, LCSW
Assistant Professor, The Substance Use Research, Evaluation, and Fulton T. Crews, PhD
Maternal and Child Health Group, Center for Prevention John Andrews Distinguished Professor, Professor of
Science, School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Director, Bowles Center for
Brunswick, New Jersey, Department of Urban-Global Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North
Public Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Piscataway, New Jersey, TrendologyIT Corporation,
Baltimore, Maryland Karen L. Cropsey, PsyD
Conatser Turner Endowed Professor of Psychiatry, University of
Eliza Buelt, MD Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
Instructor, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine,
New Haven, Connecticut Anita Cservenka, PhD
Assistant Professor, School of Psychological Science, Oregon
Fabio Caputo, MD, PhD State University, Corvallis, Oregon
Internal Medicine Specialist, Department of Internal Medicine,
SS Annunziata Hospital, Cento, Italy Leon Cushenberry, MD
Public Health Psychiatry Fellow, University of Pennsylvania, Staff
Stefano Cardullo, PhD Psychiatrist, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Novella Fronda Foundation, Padua, Italy
Cristina d’Angelo, MD
Jacqueline C. Carter, DPhil, RPsych Specialist in Internal Medicine and Psychotherapy, Gli Angeli
Professor, Department of Psychology, Memorial University of di Padre Pio, Fondazione Centri di Riabilitazione Padre Pio
Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada Onlus, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy, Alcohol Use Disorder and
Alcohol Related Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine
Joy Chang, MD and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.
Assistant Professor, Division of Addiction Research and Gemelli IRCCS Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Hannah M. Dantrassy, BA
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College
Joseph F. Cheer, PhD Park, College Park, Maryland
Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Caroline Davis, PhD
York University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Addiction
Shih-Fen Chen, PhD and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical
Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan Matt Davis, BA
Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California
Paul M. Cinciripini, PhD
Professor and Chair, Department of Behavioral Science, The Nancy Diazgranados, MD
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center at Houston, Deputy Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse
Houston, Texas and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Maryland
H. Westley Clark, MD, JD, MPH
Dean’s Executive Professor of Public Health, Public Health
Program, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California