Table Of ContentADAPTIVE LOW-POWER CIRCUITS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
ANALOG CIRCUITS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING SERIES
Consulting Editor: Mohammed Ismail. Ohio State University
Related Titles:
CMOS CASCADE SIGMA-DELTA MODULATORS FOR SENSORS AND TELECOM
del Río, R., Medeiro, F., Pérez-Verdú, B., de la Rosa, J.M., Rodríguez-Vázquez, A.
ISBN 1-4020-4775-4
Titles in former series International Series in Engineering and Computer Science:
SIGMA DELTA A/D CONVERSION FOR SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Philips, K., van Roermund, A.H.M.
Vol. 874, ISBN 1-4020-4679-0
CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES IN NYQUIST A/D CONVERTERS
van der Ploeg, H., Nauta, B.
Vol. 873, ISBN 1-4020-4634-0
ADAPTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR MIXED SIGNAL SYSTEM ON CHIP
Fayed, A., Ismail, M.
Vol. 872, ISBN 0-387-32154-3
WIDE-BANDWIDTH HIGH-DYNAMIC RANGE D/A CONVERTERS
Doris, Konstantinos, van Roermund, Arthur, Leenaerts, Domine
Vol. 871 ISBN: 0-387-30415-0
METHODOLOGY FOR THE DIGITAL CALIBRATION OF ANALOG CIRCUITS AND
SYSTEMS: WITH CASE STUDIES
Pastre, Marc, Kayal, Maher
Vol. 870, ISBN: 1-4020-4252-3
HIGH-SPEED PHOTODIODES IN STANDARD CMOS TECHNOLOGY
Radovanovic, Sasa, Annema, Anne-Johan, Nauta, Bram
Vol. 869, ISBN: 0-387-28591-1
LOW-POWER LOW-VOLTAGE SIGMA-DELTA MODULATORS IN NANOMETER CMOS
Yao, Libin, Steyaert, Michiel, Sansen, Willy
Vol. 868, ISBN: 1-4020-4139-X
DESIGN OF VERY HIGH-FREQUENCY MULTIRATE SWITCHED-CAPACITOR
CIRCUITS
U, Seng Pan, Martins, Rui Paulo, Epifânio da Franca, José
Vol. 867, ISBN: 0-387-26121-4
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISATION OF ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS
Dallet, Dominique; Machado da Silva, José (Eds.)
Vol. 860, ISBN: 0-387-25902-3
ANALOG DESIGN ESSENTIALS
Sansen, Willy
Vol. 859, ISBN: 0-387-25746-2
DESIGN OF WIRELESS AUTONOMOUS DATALOGGER IC'S
Claes and Sansen
Vol. 854, ISBN: 1-4020-3208-0
MATCHING PROPERTIES OF DEEP SUB-MICRON MOS TRANSISTORS
Croon, Sansen, Maes
Vol. 851, ISBN: 0-387-24314-3
LNA-ESD CO-DESIGN FOR FULLY INTEGRATED CMOS WIRELESS RECEIVERS
Leroux and Steyaert
Vol. 843, ISBN: 1-4020-3190-4
SYSTEMATIC MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF TELECOM FRONTENDS AND THEIR
BUILDING BLOCKS
Vanassche, Gielen, Sansen
Vol. 842, ISBN: 1-4020-3173-4
LOW-POWER DEEP SUB-MICRON CMOS LOGIC SUB-THRESHOLD CURRENT
REDUCTION
van der Meer, van Staveren, van Roermund
Vol. 841, ISBN: 1-4020-2848-2
WIDEBAND LOW NOISE AMPLIFIERS EXPLOITING THERMAL NOISE
CANCELLATION
Bruccoleri, Klumperink, Nauta
Vol. 840, ISBN: 1-4020-3187-4
CMOS PLL SYNTHESIZERS: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Shu, Keliu, Sánchez-Sinencio, Edgar
Vol. 783, ISBN: 0-387-23668-6
ADAPTIVE LOW-POWER
CIRCUITS FOR WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS
by
Aleksandar Tasić
Delft University of Technology,
The Netherlands
Wouter A. Serdijn
Delft University of Technology,
The Netherlands
and
John R. Long
Delft University of Technology,
The Netherlands
AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 1-4020-5249-9 (HB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5249-1 (HB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-5250-2 (e-book)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5250-7 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2006 Springer
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
CONTENTS
FOREWORD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
OUTLINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Why Silicon? 1
1.2 Why Wireless and RF? 2
1.3 Why Low-Power and Adaptive RF? 4
1.4 Why Multistandard and Adaptive RF? 7
1.5 Adaptivity Objectives 7
References 8
2 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF RF CIRCUITS . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 Gain Parameters 13
2.1.1 Stability 15
2.1.2 Matched Gain Parameters 16
2.2 Nonlinearity Parameters 18
2.2.1 Intermodulation 20
2.2.1.1 Third-order intercept point 21
2.2.1.2 Second-order intercept point 23
2.3 Noise Figure 23
2.4 Phase Noise 26
2.5 Dynamic Range 28
2.6 RF Front-End Performance Parameters 30
2.7 Conclusions 33
References 34
3 SPECTRUM-SIGNAL TRANSFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1 Transceiver Architectures 40
3.1.1 Heterodyne Architectures 40
3.1.2 Homodyne Architectures 42
3.1.2.1 Image-reject zero-IF architectures 43
3.1.2.2 Drawbacks of zero-IF architectures 45
v
vi Contents
3.1.3 Low-IF Architectures 45
3.1.4 Wireless Standards and Employed Architectures 46
3.2 Signal and Spectral Transformations 47
3.3 Mixer-Oscillator Models 52
3.3.1 Double-Real Mixer-Oscillator Model 53
3.3.2 Single-Complex Mixer-Oscillator Model 55
3.3.2.1 Real-to-complex transformation 55
3.3.2.2 Complex-to-real transformation 57
3.3.3 Double-Complex Mixer-Oscillator Model 58
3.4 Image-Rejection Ratio Model 62
3.5 IRR Model of Double-Quadrature Downconverters 64
3.6 Conclusions 67
References 68
4 SELECTION OF PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
FOR RECEIVER CIRCUITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.1 System Considerations 78
4.2 Independent Selection of NF And IIP3 Specifications 81
4.3 Mutually Dependent Selection of NF And IIP3
Specifications 87
4.3.1 The Optimality Criterion 87
4.3.2 The Equality Criterion 92
4.3.3 Optimality vs. Equality 95
4.4 Equilibrium, Optimality and Equality Criteria 96
4.4.1 Optimal SFDR of Receiver Circuits 98
4.5 Notes on Power Consumption 101
4.6 Performance Trade-offs in an RF Circuit 102
4.7 Conclusions 104
References 105
5 ADAPTIVITY OF LOW-NOISE AMPLIFIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.1 Adaptivity Phenomena of Amplifiers 110
5.2 Performance Parameters of Inductively-Degenerated
Low-Noise Amplifiers 112
5.2.1 Input-Impedance Model 112
5.2.2 Gain Model 114
5.2.3 Noise Figure Model 115
5.2.3.1 Noise factor 115
5.2.3.2 Minimum noise factor 117
5.2.3.3 Optimum-minimum noise factor 118
5.2.4 Linearity Model 119
Contents vii
5.3 Adaptivity Models of Low-Noise Amplifiers 120
5.4 Conclusions 124
References 125
6 ADAPTIVE VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED OSCILLATORS . . . . 127
6.1 Adaptivity Phenomena of Oscillators 127
6.1.1 Phase-Noise Tuning 128
6.1.2 Frequency-Transconductance Tuning 128
6.2 An Adaptive Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 129
6.3 Phase-Noise Model of LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 131
6.3.1 Time-Varying Transfer Function 133
6.3.2 Base-Resistance Noise Contribution 135
6.3.3 Transconductor Shot-Noise Contribution 136
6.3.4 Tail-Current Noise Contribution 137
6.3.5 Total Oscillator Noise 138
6.3.6 Resonant-Inductive Degeneration of Tail-Current Source 140
6.3.6.1 Base resistance noise transformation of the
resonant-inductive degenerated tail-current sou rce 142
6.3.6.2 Base- and collector-current shot noise
transformations of the resonant-inductive
degenerated tail-current source 143
6.3.6.3 Total output noise of the resonant-inductive
degenerated tail-current source 145
6.3.6.4 Noise factor of oscillators with resonant-inductive
degeneration 147
6.3.6.5 Advantages of resonant-inductive degeneration 147
6.3.7 Resistive Degeneration of Tail-Current Source 147
6.3.8 Adaptive Phase-Noise Model 149
6.4 Phase-Noise Performance of Quasi-Tapped
Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 150
6.5 Adaptivity Figures of Merit of Voltage-Controlled
Oscillators 152
6.5.1 Phase-Noise Tuning Range 152
6.5.2 Frequency-Transconductance Sensitivity 153
6.6 K-rail Diagrams– Comprehensive Performance
Characterization of Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 156
6.6.1 K-Rail Diagram 157
6.6.2 K-Rails Diagram 158
6.6.3 K-Loop Diagram 160
6.6.4 Construction of K-Loop Diagrams - an all-Round
Example 162
viii Contents
6.7 Oscillator Design Problem 164
6.8 Conclusions 167
References 168
7 DESIGN OF ADAPTIVE VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED
OSCILLATORS AND ADAPTIVE RF FRONT-ENDS. . . . . . . . . 171
7.1 Adaptive Low-Power Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 172
7.1.1 Design for Adaptivity of Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 172
7.1.2 Circuit Parameters of the Adaptive Voltage-Controlled
Oscillator 174
7.1.3 Measurement Results for the Adaptive
Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 175
7.2 A Multistandard Adaptive Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 178
7.2.1 Designing for Adaptivity of Multistandard
Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 179
7.2.2 Circuit Parameters of the Multistandard Adaptive
Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 181
7.2.3 Measurement Results for the Multistandard Adaptive
Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 183
7.3 Multistandard Adaptive RF Front-Ends 186
7.3.1 System Considerations for Multistandard Adaptive
RF Front-Ends 187
7.3.1.1 System requirements for multistandard receivers 189
7.3.2 A Multi-Mode Adaptive Quadrature Signal Generator 191
7.3.3 A Multi-Mode Adaptive Quadrature Downconverter 192
7.3.3.1 Mixer circuit parameters 194
7.3.4 Experimental Results for the Multi-Mode Adaptive
Image-Reject Dow nc onv ert er 195
7.3.5 Back-Annotation of Specifications to Receiver Circuits 200
7.4 Conclusions 202
References 202
A REAL-TO-COMPLEX-TO-REAL
SPECTRUM-SIGNAL TRANSFORMATION . . . . . . . . 207
B TRANSFORMER-FEEDBACK DEGENERATION
OF LOW-NOISE AMPLIFIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
FOREWORD
Well over a billion people are currently using cellular telephones, and
this number is expected to grow to over two billion in the next few
years. It is remarkable that a device that was considered a high-
technology "toy" just a few years ago is now an indispensable feature
of modern life. One of the key reasons for this remarkable trans-
formation is the integration of all the radio functions of a cellular
telephone onto a single inexpensive piece of silicon. This achievement
is a result of innovations in design and process technology that allowed
formerly discrete and separate devices to be integrated onto a common
substrate.
Now that this integration has been accomplished, the next challenge
is to make these radio functions adaptive to their environment. For
example, a cellular telephone of the future will be able to "sense" its
environment, and configure its radio functions to optimize the perfor-
mance - and minimize the battery drain - for that environment; when
the cellular telephone is close to a base station and is in a low
interference environment it will reduce its power consumption for the
relaxed performance requirements. Conversely, when it is far from the
base station and in a high interference environment, the radio will be
adjusted accordingly.
This "adaptive" feature of wireless communications devices is just
today becoming a reality, and this book represents one of the first
comprehensive treatments of the subject. Adaptive radio transceivers
require a comprehensive theoretical framework in order to optimize
their performance. The authors provide this framework with their
discussion of joint optimization of Noise Figure and Input Intercept
Point in receiver systems. They then provide original techniques
to optimize voltage controlled oscillators and low-noise amplifiers
to minimize their power consumption while maintaining adequate
system performance. The experimental results that they present at the end
of the book confirm that utility of their techniques.
ix
