Table Of ContentAdaptation and Mitigation Strategies
for Climate Change
Akimasa Sumi Kensuke Fukushi
●
Ai Hiramatsu
Editors
Adaptation and Mitigation
Strategies for Climate
Change
Editors
Akimasa Sumi Kensuke Fukushi
Executive Director Associate Professor
Transdisciplinary Initiative Transdisciplinary Initiative
for Global Sustainability for Global Sustainability
The University of Tokyo The University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku
Tokyo 113-8654, Japan Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
[email protected] [email protected]
Ai Hiramatsu
Project Assistant Professor
Transdisciplinary Initiative
for Global Sustainability
The University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku
Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
[email protected]
ISBN 978-4-431-99797-9 e-ISBN 978-4-431-99798-6
DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-99798-6
Springer Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York
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Preface
Humanity is not isolated from the environment. We exist in the stream of life, from
the past to the future. Mankind was born and evolved as part of the history of the
Earth, which in turn forms part of the history of the Universe. Therefore, we have
to regard ourselves in historical terms and not forget our responsibility to the future.
In other words, humanity has appeared and evolved during the Earth’s history and
owes a responsibility to the future. The old Chinese proverb that we study the past
in order to learn new things should be recalled.
When we look back at the history of mankind, we realize that we have suffered
from many different issues and calamities throughout our entire existence. In other
words, there has been no easy time for us, and we have been fighting for our survival
by overcoming those challenges. As part of the struggle, we have accumulated and
clarified our knowledge. Science and technology are examples of this collected knowl-
edge. Using results provided by science and applying technology, we have overcome
many difficulties. However, it should be remembered that issues continue to evolve
along with the development of our society. Our situation at the present time is not the
same as in the past. Although a new technology resolves an existing issue, it may also
create a new one. For example, the mobile phone has changed our lifestyle, and we can
enjoy the advantages it provides. On the other hand, mobile phones facilitate certain
new types of crime; hence, we are always confronted with new problems.
Since the Industrial Revolution, mankind has sought wealth and prosperity by
making maximum use of energy and natural resources. Nature has been considered
to have an infinite potential to process waste energy and resources. We have not
recognized that disposal of waste material is necessary. In other words, it has been
believed that however many burdens we place on Nature, she can clean up and
repair what we have done. This was true when people’s domain of activity was
small. However, as that domain has expanded, the limits of Nature and the limits of
growth have become all too evident.
When we look around us, it seems we face a multitude of concerns with few
answers to them. Confronted by a difficult situation, we often tend to become
caught up in a trap of pessimism. The pessimism itself is not entirely bad: when we
think the future is not very easy, we tend to pay attention to future risks. It can be
harmful, however, when a pessimistic view of the future causes us to lose the moti-
vation necessary for overcoming the pressing issues.
v
vi Preface
To confront problems, we need collaboration between different disciplines,
because twenty-first-century issues cannot be handled by a single discipline. As
knowledge specific to a discipline expands, we need a group of specialists. In order
to come together, individuals have to understand and acknowledge one another,
which can be made possible through dialogue.
This book is a summary of two international conferences held in Honolulu,
Hawaii, in 2007 and 2008, which were organized by TIGS (Transdisciplinary
Initiative for Global Sustainability)/ Integrated Research System for Sustainability
Science (IR3S), the University of Tokyo. TIGS was established at the University of
Tokyo in 2005 to promote interdisciplinary research toward sustainability science.
The first symposium was titled “Dialogue Between Social and Natural Sciences”
and the second was “Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change.” In the first sym-
posium, a dialogue between different disciplines, in particular, social science and
natural science, was conducted, while in the second symposium a dialogue between
science, technology, economics, and policy was conducted in the field of adaptation
for climate change.
Many stimulating papers are included in this book. Although their views might
not appear to be as well coordinated as they could have been, the diversity seen here
is very important for creating a new pathway to the future sustainable society. It is
our hope that this book will give rise to new fields of research such as sustainability
science.
July 28, 2009 Akimasa Sumi
Professor and Executive Director
Transdisciplinary Initiative for Global Sustainability
Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science
The University of Tokyo
Contents
Part I Impacts of Climate Change
1 Evaluating the Cost of Flood Damage Based on Changes
in Extreme Rainfall in Japan ................................................................... 3
So Kazama, Ayumu Sato, and Seiki Kawagoe
2 Impact of Global Warming on Agricultural Product Markets:
Stochastic World Food Model Analysis .................................................. 19
Jun Furuya and Shintaro Kobayashi
3 Impacts of Climate Change on Lakes and Reservoirs
Dynamics and Restoration Policies ......................................................... 37
G.B. Sahoo and S.G. Schladow
4 Study of Fishery Ground Around Indonesia Archipelago
Using Remote Sensing Data ..................................................................... 57
Takahiro Osawa and Sigit Julimantoro
5 Global Warming and Trans-Boundary Movement
of Waterborne Microbial Pathogens ....................................................... 71
Nicholas J. Ashbolt
Part II Mitigation and Adaptation
6 Designing Post-Kyoto Institutions: From the Reduction
Rate to the Emissions Amount ................................................................. 85
Tatsuyoshi Saijo and Hiroshi Hamasaki
7 Mitigation Prospects and Challenges for India
in Responding to Climate Change ........................................................... 97
Ritu Mathur and Suruchi Bhadwal
vii
viii Contents
8 Challenges to Substantial and Sustained Reductions
in Greenhouse Gases: Opportunities for the United States
from the Bottom-Up ................................................................................ 115
Stephen R. Connors
9 Scope and Roles of Adaptation to Climate Change ............................. 131
Nobuo Mimura
10 Adaptation of Fishing Communities in the Philippines
to Climate Change ................................................................................... 141
Maria Rebecca Campos
Part III Communication with Society About Climate Change
11 Economy and Environment: How to Get What We Want .................. 157
Carl B. Becker
12 A Mapping of Global Warming Research Based on IPCC AR4 ........ 167
Ai Hiramatsu, Nobuo Mimura, and Akimasa Sumi
13 Science and Climate Change Policy Making:
A Comparative Network Perspective .................................................... 187
Jeffrey Broadbent
14 Environmental Communication Aimed at Household Energy
Conservation ............................................................................................ 215
Chizuru Nishio
15 Bridging the Gulf Between Science and Society:
Imperatives for Minimizing Societal Disruption
from Climate Change in the Pacifi c ....................................................... 233
Patrick D. Nunn
16 Science, Culture, Education, and Social–Ecological Systems:
A Study of Transdisciplinary Literacies in Student Discourse
During a Place-Based and Culture-Based Polynesian
Voyaging Program .................................................................................. 249
Pauline W.U. Chinn
Part IV Resource and Technology Governance for Sustainability
17 Adaptive Governance: Proposals for Climate
Change Science, Policy and Decision Making ...................................... 269
Ronald D. Brunner and Amanda H. Lynch
Contents ix
18 Environmental Technology Policy in the US,
from the 1970s into the Twenty-First Century ..................................... 285
George R. Heaton Jr.
19 The Development and Diffusion Processes of Sustainable
Technologies and Implications for Public Policy:
A Case Study in Japan ............................................................................ 293
Kohta Juraku and Tatsujiro Suzuki
20 Democratic Turn of Resource Governance in Japan:
Prewar and Postwar Efforts for Integration
in Resource Policy ................................................................................... 309
Jin Sato
21 Considering the “Social Adaptation” of an Infrastructure
and the Consequence of Its Impact on Sustainability.......................... 317
Takayuki Minato
Index ................................................................................................................. 331
Color Plates
a b
0 400 800 (Thousand Million USD)
Fig. 1.4 Potential damage costs of flooding in Japan (thousand million USD). a Damage costs
for 100-year extreme rainfall. b Damage costs for 50-year extreme rainfall
xi
