Actual records of bat ectoparasites in Bavaria (Germany)

2004·2.5 MB·English

by  D Rupp

SPIXIANA 27 2 185-190 München, Ol. Juli 2004 ISSN 0341-8391
Actual records of bat ectoparasites in Bavaria (Germany)
Doris Rupp, Andreas Zahn & Peter Ludwig
)
Rupp, D. & A. Zahn & P. Ludwig (2004): Actual recordsofbatectoparasitesin
Bavaria (Germany). -Spixiana 27/2: 185-190
Records of ectoparasites of 19 bat species coilected in Bavaria are presented.
Altogether 33 species ofeight parasitic families of tleas (Ischnopsyllidae), batflies
(Nycteribiidae), bugs (Cimicidae), mites (Spinturnicidae, Macronyssidae, Trom-
biculidae, Sarcoptidae) and ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) were found. Eight species
were recorded first time in Bavaria. All coilected parasites are deposited in the
collection oftheZoologische Staatsammlung München (ZSM).
DorisRupp, GailkircherStr. 7, D-81247München, Germany
AndreasZahn,ZoologischesInstitutderLMU, Luisenstr. 14, D-80333München,
Germany
PeterLudwig, PeterRoseggerStr. 2, D-84478 Waldkraiburg, Germany
Introduction investigated. The investigated batsbelonged to the
following species (number of individuals in brack-
There are only few reports about bat parasites in ets: Barbastelhisbarbastelliis(7)-Eptesicus nilsomi(10)
Germany and the Bavarian ectoparasite fauna is -E. serotimis (6)-Myotis bechsteinii(6)-M. brandtii
poorlyinvestigatedyet.From1998tili2001westud- (20) - M. daubentonii (282) - M. emarginatus (12) -
ied theparasiteloadofbatsinBavaria.Theaimwas M. myotis (367) - M. niystaciinis (79) - M. nattereri
togiveanactualoverviewontheectoparasitefauna (42) - Pipistrelhis pipistrcUiis (127) -P. mihusii (6)-
ofbats in Bavaria. Nyctahis leisleri (3)-N. noctula (312)-Plccotus aiiri-
Most bat parasites show a high degree of host tiis(45)-P. austriacus(17)-Rhiiwlophushipposidews
specificity, while some appear to parasitize multi- (1)-R.ferrumequinum (1)- Vespertilio murinus (16).
ple hosts (Kulzer 1998, Micherdzinski 1980, Ra- TogetInformation abouttheextentofthepara-
dovsky 1967, Schmidt 1987, Stanyukovich 1997). site load we compared the incidence rates and the
Bat-associated parasites are well adapted and they maximumnumberofparasitesperbatinsamplesof
prefer different places on their hosfs body: fleas, eight bat species (n=882) caught at roosts and in
bat-flies, bugs, mites and ticks can be found in the foraging areas (Tab. 1). We counted the number of
für. Various mite species are situated on ears, eyes mitesvisibleonbothsidesofthewings(withoutthe
or on the wings (Walter 1996). With decreasingbat interfemoral membrane) and also located on the
populations in Central Europe, bat parasites are ears. In addition, we spent about 20 seconds for
also endangered and some species are regarded as searching each bat forbatflies, fleas, bugs and ticks
to be threatened by extinction in Germany. whileblowing the für. Differencesbetween the par-
asite load of the sample sites are gi\'en in Zahn &
Rupp 2004. Voucherspecimensofeach typeofpar-
Sampling techniques asite were preserved in 70% ETOH and identified
in thelaboratoryeitherbylightmicroscopyorscan-
Bats were caught either at their roosts by hand or ning electron microscopy (SEM: Philips XL 20, for
using a net. Otherwere mistnetted atcave entranc- detailed method see Rupp & Ludwig 2000). The
es, at creeks or ponds. Dead, injured or exhausted Identification is based on the following keys: Hop-
bats living in the care of humans were also exam- kins & Rothschild 1956 (Ischnopsyllidae), Theodor
ined. Altogether342dead and 1017livingbatswere 1954 and Theodor & Rothschild 1967 (Nvcteribi-
185
idae), Pericart 1972 (Cimicidae), Nuttall et al. 1908, yukovich 1997 (Macronyssidae: in Macronyssidae
1911 and Sonenshine et al. 1962 (Ixodidae, Argas- only adult females were determined), Dusbabek
idae),Stanyukovich1997,Rudnick1960andDusba- 1963 and Fain 1959 (Sarcoptidae) and Oudemans
bek1962(Spinturnicidae),Radovsky1967andStan- 1912 (Trombiculidae). When comparing the para-
Tab.1. Samplesizesofbatspeciesusedfortheestimationoftheparasiteload. Foreachsamplesite,thelocationof
thebats, samplingdates and sample sizes aregiven: Numbersofadultmales, adultfemalesandjuveniles (m/f/j).
Cl:Clusterata roost, S/M: roostingsolitaryorinamatinggroup atamaleroost, Ca(n): nettedatacaveentrance,
L(n): netted at a lake, Cre(n): netted ata creek. FormaleNyctalus noctula inOctoberitwasnotalwayspossibleto
confidently distinguish between adults and juveniles. Consequently we distinguished only between males and
females (m/f) forthismonth.
Myotis daiibentonü (n=256) M. mystacinus (n=44)
Bichlersee(12°07E,47°40'N), Ca (n), 1999: Aug. 0/0/1 Dettendorf(11°58'E,47°49'N), Cre(n), 1998: Apr. 0/8/0,
Dettendorf(11°58'E,47°49'N),Cre(n), 1998: Apr.4/0/0, May 1/3/0,Jun. 2/0/0, Aug.4/0/3, Sep. 1/0/3
May 1/0/0, Aug. 3/1/0, Sept. 5/1/4 Ergolding (12°10'E,48°34'N), Cl, 1998:Jun. 0/2/0
Grünbach (12°32'E, 48°12'N), Cre (n), 1998: Sept. 0/1/0 Frasdorf(12°17E, 47°48'N), Cre(n), 1998:Jun. 1/0/0
Kienstein(11°22'E,47°38'N), Ca(n), 1998: Aug. 0/0/11 Kraiburg (12°25'E, 48°10'N), Cre(n), 1998: May 1/1/0
Kraiburg (12°25'E, 48°10'N), Cre (n), 1999: May 0/1/0, Frauendorf(12°29'E, 48°11N), Cre(n), 1998:Jun. 0/1/0
Aug. 0/0/1 Spielberg (12°16'E, 47°45'N), Ca(n), 1998: Aug. 1/3/3,
Lichtenberg(12°45'E,48°24'N),Cre(n),1998:Aug.0/0/2 Sep.2/0/0
Petting (12°49'E, 47°55'N), Cre (n), 1998:June0/16/1 Türkenbach (12°53'E,48°14'N), Cre(n), 1998: Sep. 0/0/2
Postmünster(12°53'E,48°25'N),L(n), 1999:June0/10/0 M. nattereri (n=28)
Spielberg (12°16'E, 47°45'N), Ca (n), 1999: Aug. 11/0/1
Türkenbach(12°53'E,48°14'N),Ca(n), 1999:May1/2/0, Essing(11°47'E, 48°56'N), Ca(n), 1998:Oct. 7/5/6
Sept. 0/0/1 Kerham(12°19'E,48°14'N), Cl, 1998: Sep. 2/0/0
Wald (12°35'E, 48°07'N), Cl, 1999: May 1/6/0, June 3/ Mauern(11°03'E,48°46'N), Ca(n), 1998: Oct. 3/0/0
7/1,July:7/2/13,Aug.0/0/12,Sept.5/0/6,Oct.2/ Spielberg(12°16'E,47°45'N), Ca(n), 1998: Aug. 2/1/2
0/21,2000: Apr. 6/11/0,May6/12/0,June 10/3/0,
Nyctalus noctula (n=221)
July7/6/1, Aug. 2/3/7, Sept. 4/1/7, Oct. 0/0/5
Eggenfelden (12°45'E, 48°24'N), S/M, 1998: Aug. 3/1/2
M. emarginatus (n=12)
MarktSchwaben(ir52'E,48°11'N),S/M, 1999:Oct.3/6
Kienstein (11°22'E, 47°38'N), Ca (n), 1998: Aug. 0/1/0 Waldkraiburg (12°23'E, 48°12'N), Cl, 1998: Jun. 27/0/0,
Maxirain (11°59'E, 47°54'N), Cl, 1998: Jul. 0/4/2. 2001: Sep.0/0/7,1999:Apr.4/7/0,May8/4/0,Jun.10/0/
Sept 1/2/0 0, Jul.12/0/0, Aug. 3/3/8, Sep. 2/0/9, Oct.16/2,
Palling (12°38'E, 48°0'N), Cl, 1998:Jul. 0/1/1 2000:Apr. 8/5/0,May 10/0/0,Jun. 15/1/0,Jul. 11/
M. myotis (n=290) 0/0, Aug. 0/0/10, Sep. 1/0/9,Oct.4/0
Wasserburg(12°13'E,48°03'N), Cl, 1999: Oct. 10/0
Au (11°58'E, 47°47'N), Cl, 1998: 6.Apr. 0/11/0, 29.Apr.
Pipistrellus pipistrellus (n=15)
0/11/-0, 27.Mai 2/10/0, 21.Jun. 0/0/10, 31.Jun. 2/
11/7, 13.Jul. 2/6/10, 22.Jul. 0/8/14, 3.Aug. 0/11/9, Baierbach(12°12'E,48°25'N), Cl, 1998:Jul. 0/3/0
19.Aug. 0/8/11, 9.Sep. 0/2/10, 24.Sep. 1/1/13, Buchbach (12°16'E,48°18'N), Cl, 1998:Jul. 0/1/0
15.0ct. 0/0/11, 6. Nov. 0/0/6 Dettendorf(11°58'E, 47°49'N), Cre(n), 1998: May2/3/0
Flossing(12°30'E,48°13'N), Cl, 1998: 27.May 0/3/0 Türkenbach (12°53'E,48°14'N),Cre(n), 1998: May0/3/0
Großhöhenrain(11°54'E,47°55'N),Cl,1998:3.Jun.0/4/0, Kienstein (11°22'E, 47°38'N), Ca(n), 1998: Aug. 1/1/0,
32.Jun. 1/1/0, Ö.Nov. 0/0/4 Oct.1/0/0
Litzldorf(12°03'E, 47°45'N), Cl, 9.Sep. 0/0/4
Plecotus auritus (n=16)
Reisach(12°10'E,47°39'N),Cl,1998:3.Jun.0/3/0,22.Jul.0/
0/6 Kienstein(11°22'E,47°38'N), Ca (n), 1998: May3/0/0
Rohrdorf(12°10'E,47°47'N),Cl,1998:9.Sep.0/0/3,15.0ct. Mauern(11°03'E,48°46'N), Ca (n), 1998: Oct. 1/0/0
0/0/1 Pfarrkirchen (12°56'E, 48°25'N), CL, 1998: Sep. 0/1/0
Soyen (12°12E,48°06N), Cl, 1998: 27.May0/4/0 Spielberg (12°16'E, 47°45N), Ca(n), 1998: Aug. 5/0/0,
Walchsee(12°19'E,47°39'N),Cl,1998:3.Jun.0/4/0,22.Jul. Sep.1/0/3
0/7/6 Warngau (11°43'E,47°49'N), Cl, 1998, May0/2/0
Severalmale-roosts:S/M,1998:6.Apr.1/0/0,20.May1/
0/0,27.Mai3/0/0,3.Jun.l/0/0,31.Jun.2/0/0,3.Aug.
4/0/0, 6.Aug. 2/1/0, 19.Aug. 4/2/0, 9.Sep. 4/2/2,
24.Sep. 7/5/1, 15.0ct. 5/2/3
186
Fig.1. MaleofNycteridopsyllaeusarca. Bat-fleasareeyelessandspend theirholelifeonthebatwithexceptionofthe
larval stage: theirdevelopmenttakesplacein the faecesofthebatsunderthe roosts. Size: 1820pm.
Fig.2. Nycteribiakolenatii. Thewinglessbat-flyresemblesmoreaspiderthanafly.Theyarehighlyspecializedinthe
lifeonbats.Thelarvaehatchalreadyoutoftheeggsintotheirmothers.Onlythepupariumisoutsideofthebat.Size:
1800um.
Fig. 3. Spinturuixpsi. Spinturnicidae are relativelybigmites. Theegg and larval stageare done inside the mother.
They givebirth to the finished protonymph. Size: 800|im.
Fig.4. FemaleofMacwmjssusftavus. The small mites ofthegenus Stcatom/ssiis and Mncron/ssiis occur in the füras
well ason thewingmembranes. LikeSpinturnicidaeistheirholelifecycleon thebat. Size: 570|am.
Site load of bats we distinguished only between sonal differences regarding the infestation could be
families (Tab. 2). observed: in wintertime (December to March) the
winter-specific fleas Nycteridopsylla eusarca (Fig. 1)
and N. lougiceps respectix'elvwerefound whiledur-
Results and Discussion ing summertime (April to September) /. ekvigatits
and /. octactenus infested the bats. Similarv' the oc-
33speciesofnineparasitefamilies(insectsandmites) currence of N. pentactena on Plecotus in winter is
could be found (Tab. 2). Eight species were record- describedbyHurka(1963)and Müller(1989),butin
ed for the first timc in Bavaria. our study all samples were obtained in summer,
when /. hexacteuus can be found. Therefore the oc-
currence of N. peiitacteua in Bavaria during winter
Siphonaptera, Ischnopsyllidae can notbe excluded.
Fleas were found on 12 different bat species. In
Germany 13 flea species of the bat specific family Diptera, Nycteribiidae
Ischnopsyllidae are known, nine of them could be
confirmed in Bavaria. The infestation levels were Ten species ofbat-tlies were reported from Germa-
generally low (Tab.2). The records of Ischiiopsyl- ny(Hurka 1971),butonlyNycteribiakolemtii(Fig.2)
liisvariabilis and /. obsciiriisarethe first forthisarea. and Peuecilliiiiamonoceros(preferablyonM\/otisdaii-
On Ni/ctalus noctiila and Pipistrelltis pipistrellus sea- bentonii) as well as Basilia nana (on M. bcchstcinii)
187
Tab.2. ParasitesandtheirhostsfoundinBavaria.Inspecieswherelagersamplesweretaken(Tab. 1)theincidence |>
rate in % of the bats and the maximum numbers of parasites (max.) are listed. xx=main host, x=casual host;
underlined species: new record forBavaria. *=recordedforGermany inliterature,butsampleplaceunknown.
InthecaseofMyoüsmyotis,NycteribiidaeandCimicidaewereonlyfoundintheroostofacolonybutnotonthebats.
Not included areM. emarginatus, Rhinolophusferrumequinum and Rh. hipposideros. InM. emarginatus 12 individuals
were investigated, butjust one ofthemhad a Single, undetermined mite ofthe genus Steatonyssus. In Rhinolophus
ferrumequinum(n=l)thetickIxodesvespertilioniswasfoundandinRh.hipposiderosalsoonebatwasinvestigated,but
noparasitewasfound.
could be found (Tab.2). The records were new for Acari, Astigmata, Sarcoptidae I
Bavaria. In literature Nyderibia kolenatü is the most
commonbat-fly in Germany (Dietz & Walter 1995, Nycteridocoptes poppei was mainly found on Myotis
Hurka 1964, 1971, Hutson 1984, Kock 1973, 1994, myotis andM. daubentonii (Tab. 2). The femalesand
Müller 1989, Nowosad 1974, Theodor 1954, Walter larvae live in the patagium and ears, where they
1985, 1996). This Observation is also confirmed for build white ulcers.
Bavaria.TherecordofP.monocerosisthemostsouth-
estin Europe until now (Rupp 1999).
Acari, Prostigmata, Trombiculidae
Heteroptera, Cimicidae Trombiciilarussicawasoccasionallyfoundondiffer-
ent bat species (Tab.2). The larvae of these pre-
InsomeroostsoiMyotismyotis andNyctalusnoctula sumptivepredatorymitesareparasitesonbats.They
bugswerefound. RoostsofM. myotiswereinfested suckle lymph preferred on the marginoftheears.
withaswellbed-bugs(Cimexlectularius)asbat-bugs
(C. dissimilis). For N. noctula only the latter species &
could be confirmed. For M. myotis no bugs were Acari, Metastigmata, Ixodidae Argasidae
otibmseesrvceadrrioend tbhuegsbawtsh,enbuttheNyycwtealruescnaoucgthutlalesaovmien-g Wefound fourspeciesofticksondifferentbatspe-
theirroost in the evening. cies(Tab.2).Thebat-specificArgasvespertilioniswas
offenfound, sometimes inhighnumbersespecially
on pipistrelles. This species seems to be the most
Acari, Mesostigmata, Spintumicidae commonbat-tick in Germany (Walter 1985). Ixodes
vespertilionis prefers cave-dwelling bats (Dusbabek
These very specific mites exist only on bat wings 1972,Schulze1929).Theirpopulationisregardedas
andmanyofthemarehighlyhostspecific(Fig.3).In to be endangered in Germany (Kock 1994, Walter
Germany seven species are common, all of them 1992).A. reflexusandI. ricinusarenotbat-associated
couldbeconfirmedinBavariaoccuringon11differ- and parasitizejust casual onbats.
entbat species (Tab. 2). Spititurnix myotis was most
frequentlyfound.Thisspeciesisparasitizingmulti- Acknowledgements
plehosts.Theinfestationlevelsinthecoloniesofits
main host Myotis myotis were relatively high com- Wewouldliketoexpressourthankstoallpersons,who
pared withtheinfestationlevelsofotherSpintumi- supported us in the field or allowed us to study bats
cidae and theirhosts (Tab. 2). storied in their freezer.
Acari, Mesostigmata, Macronyssidae References
Thesesmall mitesoccurinthe für as well as on the Dietz,M.&G.Walter1995.ZurEktoparasitervfaunader
wing membranes (Fig.4). Due to the missing of Wasserfledermaus {Myotis daubentoni Kühl, 1819)
inDeutschlandunterderbesonderenBerücksichti-
literatureaboutthisfamily,onlyadultfemalescould
gung der saisonalen Belastung mit der Flughaut-
bedefermined.SixspeciesofthegenusSteatonyssus milbe Spinturix andegavinus Deunff, 1977. - Nyc-
and Macronyssus were found. The record of Stea- talus 5: 451-468
tonyssus 7wctulus (on Nyctalus noctula) in Bavaria is Dusbabek, F. 1962. Parasitische Fledermausmilben der
the firstoutside the formerUSSR (Rupp & Ludwig TschechoslowakeiI.Farn.SpinturnicidaeOUDMS.,
2000). 1901 (Acarina,Gamasides).-Gas.Csl.Spol.ent.59:
357-380
188
^ # ^
c? cy- ^' ^' ^' ^- ^- #•
10 6 6 20 282 367 79 42 3 312 6 127 45 17 16
Bat-fleas 2% 12% 45%54% 19% 40% 13%
(Ischnopsyllidae) (2) (3) (6) (4) (3) (3) (2)
Iscluiopsylliis hexactemis x xx
/. iutcrmediiis x xx x
/. elongahts x xx
/. Simplex xx xx xx
I. obscurus
l. octactenus x xx
/. variabilis x
Nycteridopsylla eusarca xx
N. longiceps x
Bat-flies 66% 0% <1%
(Nycteribiidae) (8) (1)
Basilia nana xx
Nvcteribia kolenatn xx xx x
Penecillidia monoceros x x
Bugs 0% 15%
(Cimicidae) (4)
C;/?!t'.v lectulariits xx
Cimex dissimilis xx xx
Spintumicidae 65%90% 51% 7% 52% 19%
(20) (95) (10) (3) (10) (3)
Sp. punctata* xx
Sp. acuminatus* xx
Spinturnix myoti x xx x x
Sp. mystacinus xx x
Sp. plecotiniis* xx
Sp. carnifex* xx
5^. andegavinus* xx
Macronyssidae 69% 69% 7% 50% 98% 67%
(78) (230) (8) (8) (178) (45)
Steatonyssus spinosus* xx
St. noctulus
St. periblepharus*
St. occidentalis*
Macronyssusflavus X X XX XX
M. kolcnatü*
Sarcoptidae 5% 8% 5"o
(3) (2) (12)
Nycteridocoptes spec. (N. poppei) XX XX X
Trombiculidae 1% 18% l"o 13"..
(2) (12) (13) (1)
Tnvnbiciiln spec. (T. nissica) \ \ X \ \ \ \
Ticks: Ixodidae 3% 2%
(2) (2)
Ixodes ricinus xx
Ix. vesperfilionis* \
Ticks: Argasidae 2% 1% 1% 2% 33%
XXX
(9) (10) (2) (6) (7)
Argas vespertilionis X XX X
A. reflcxus
189
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