Table Of ContentActiSovlea rS ystems
SolaHre aTtec hnologiFues:nd amentaalnds A pplications
CharlAe.Bs a nksteodni,t or-in-chief
1.H istoryO vaenrdv ioefSw o laHre atTe chnolgoies
DonalAd.B eattediiet,o r
2.S olaRre sources
RolanLd.H ulstroemd,i rt o
3.E conomAinacl ysoifSs o laTrh ermaEln erSgyys tems
RonaldE .W estan d Frank Kreietdhi,t ors
4.F undamentals ofB uilgdE innerDgyyn amics
Bruce Hunn, editor
5.S olmC ollectEonerrsg,yS toraagnedM, a terials
Francis deW inteedri,t or
6.A ctive SolaSry stems
George LOf,edi tor
7. PassiSovel aBru ildings
J.Do uglas Balcombedi,to r
8. PasCsioveo ling
JeffreyC ooke, ditor
9.S olmB uildAirncgh itecture
Bruc:e Anderson, edi tor
10.mp leIme nttainoo fS olaTrh ermTaelc hnology
RonalLa rsoann dR onalEd.W est, editors
ActivSeo laSry stems
editbeydG eorgLeo r
TheM ITP ress
CambridgMea,s sachusetts
LondoEnn,gl and
© 199Mas3sa cbusettsI nstituotfTe e cbnology
Allri ghtresesrv ed. No parto ftb sibo okm aybe reproduicendan y foromr b ya ny
electroonrmi ecc hanimcaela n(si nclupdhiontgoc opyirnecog,rd ingo,r i nformatisotnor age
andr etriewviatlh)ope urmti ssioinnw ritinfgr omt bpeu blisher.
Thibso okwas seti nT imesR omanb yAsc o TradTey pesettinLgt dH.o,n gK onga,n d
was printaenddb ounbdy i nt heU nited Statoesf A merica.
LibraoryfC ongressC ataloging-in-PuDbaltiac ation
Actisvoel sayrs teIem ds itedb yG eorgLeo f.
p. cm.-(Solahrea tt echnolo6g)i es;
Inclubdiebslio graprehfiecarle nacesn di ndex.
ISBN9 78-0-262-(1h2e1alk6..7p :-a 5p er)
1S.o laern erg2y.S. o labre atin3g.S.o laaric ro nditioning.
I.LO r,G eorgeO .G .I ISe.r ies.
TJ809.9S.S16988 v8o l6.
[rJ810J
697'.s7-8d c20
[621.47J 92-25252
CIP
Contents
SeriFeosr ewobrydC harlAe.sB ankston ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xvii
I DesigAnn,a lyasnCidos n,t Mreotlh ods 1
1 OvervoifMe odwe lianngSd im ulation 3
JohnA .D uffie
2 DetaSiilmeudl Maettihoodansn Vd a lidation 19
WilliAa.mB eckman
3 DesigMne thofdoAsrc tSiovleSa yrs tems 39
S.A .K lein
4 ContirnoA lctsSi ovleEa nre rSgyys tems 81
C.B yroWni nn
5 OptimSuyms tDeesmi gTne chniques 151
JeffM orehouse
n SolaWra tHeera ting 181
6 SolWaart eHrea ting-IntraonSdduu mcmtairoyn 183
GeorgLeO f
7 HoWta tSeyrs tSeymsste:Cm o nceapnDtsdes ign 193
ElmeSrt reed
8 TheP erfocreom fRa esnideSonltaiHrao lWt a tSeyrs tine ms
theF ield 271
WilliSatmo ney
9 MechaniPcaelr foramnaRdne clei ability 299
R.M .W olosewicz
10 Costso fC ommerScoilaHalor Wt a tSeysrt ems 355
ThomaKsi nga ndJ effS hingleton
vi Contents
m SolSapra Hceaet ing 399
11 SpaHceea tSiynsgt ems-IntarnSodduu mcmtairoyn 401
GeorgLeo r
12 SpaHceaet iSnygs:t Ceomn ceapnDtsdes ign 411
S.K araki
13 SystPeemr formance 465
CharlSemsi th
14 PerforomfRa enscied eannCdto imamle rcSiyaslt ems 511
S.M .E mbrey
15 CostosfS olSapra Hcee atSiynsgt ems 551
ThomaKsi nga ndJ effS hingleton
16 CommunSictaSyly es tSeemass:o nal TheSrtmoarla gEen ergy
anCde ntSroalHlae ra tPilnagwn itstS he asSotnoarla ge 563
DwaynSe. B reger
IV SolCaoro ling 613
17 ResearacnNhde wC oncepts 615
NoamL ior
18 SolCaoro ling-InatnrSdoduu mcmtairoyn 675
MichaWealh lig
19 MechaniScyaslta enmCdso mponents 693
HenrMy. C urran
20 AbsorptSiyosnt aenmCdso mponents 747
MichaWealh lig
21 DesicScyasnttae nmCdso mponents 855
JohnM itchell
Contents vii
11 ComparPaetirvfeo ramndaC nceos tso fSo larC oolingS ystems8 89
MashuWria rren
Contributors 935
Index 945
Series Foreword
CharAl.Baes n kston
Thisse rioefvs o lumseusm marirzeesse ardcehv,e lopmaenndit m,p lemen
tatioofns olatrh ermeanle rgcyo nverstieocnh nolocgiaersr ioeudtu nder
federsaplo nsorsdhuirpi ntgh el asetl evyeena rosf t heN ationSaoll ar
EnergPyr ograDmu.r intgh epe riofdr o1m 97t5o 1 986th,eU .SD.e part
mento fE nergyO'ffisc eo fS olaHre atT echnologisepse nmto ret ha$n1 .1
billoinor ne seaarncdhd evelopmdeenmto,n straatnidto enc,h nolsougpy
porptr ojeacntdst ,h Nea tionTaeclh nicIanlf ormaCteinotnae drd emdo re
tha3n0 ,00t0i tolnes so lhaera tte chnolotgioie tshs o ldinSgoms u.c hw ork
wasd onei ns ucah s horpetr ioodf t imteh alti tattltee ntciooulndb ep aid
tot heo rderrleyv ieewv,al uatiaonnda, r chirveaplo rtoiftn hges ignificant
results.
Inr espontsote h ec oncernt hatth er esulotfts h en ationparlo gram
mighbet lostth,i dso cumentaptrioojnew catsc onceiveIdtw. a si nitiated
in1 98b2y F rederiHc.kM orseD,i recotfot rh eO ffice ofS olaHre aTte ch
nologieDse,p artmoenfEt n ergwyh,o h ads ervaesdt echniccoaolr dinator
ofth1e 97N2S FfNASAs tud"yS olEanre rgaysa N ationRaels ourtceh"a t
helpsetda trhtNe a tionSaoll aErn ergPyr ogramT.h ep urpoosfet hep roj
echta sb eetno c onduac tth orouogbhj,ec titveceh nicaasls essmoeftn hte
findinogfts h ef edeprraolgr amu sinlge adienxgpe rtfsr obmo tthh ep ublic
andp rivasteec toarnsdt, o d ocumetnhte m osts ignificaandvta nceasn d
findinThges .r esulting vaorlenue mietsh hearn dboonkosrt extboboukts ,
benchmaraks sessmoefnt thses taotfet echnolaongdcy o mpendioafi m
portant rTehseurlietsa s h.i storfliacvaoltr o m anyo ft hec haptearnsd,
volume1 o ft hes eriwilesl offearc omprehenosvievrev ioeftw h pe rograms,
butt hee mphasis thriosuo gnreh souultrt ast htehra hni story.
Theg oaolf t hes eriiests o p rovibdoet ha startpionignf to rt hen ew
researacnhdea r r eferetnoceof lo trh ee xperienwceodr keIrts. h ouladl so
servteh nee edosfg overnmeanntd p rivate-sectowrh owo affinctti oase les
whatp rograhmasv ael readybe ent riaendd w hati mpactth ehya vhea d.
Andi ts houlbed are sourcef oern treprenewuhross tea lenltiisen t rans
latirensge arrcehs uilnttspo r actical products.
Thes copeo ft hes eriiesbs r oabdu tn otu niverIstia sll .i mittedos olar
technolotgiheacsto nvesrutn litgohh te aitn o rdert op roviednee rgfoyr
applicaitnti hobenu ildiinng,d ustarnidalp ,o wesre ctoTrhsu.si te xplicitly
excludpehso tovolatnadib ci ologiecnaelr gcyo nversainodns ucht her-
x SeriFeosr eword
malldyr ivperno cesassew si ndh,y droa,n do ceatnh ermpaolw erE.v en
witthh ilsi mitattihoonu,gt hh,es eriaesss embal deasu ntianmgo unotf
informatIitro enp.r estehnetc so llecetffoirvteos f m oret ha2n00 authors
ande ditoTrhse.v olumeasr el ogicaldliyv idiendt toh osdee aliwnigt h
genertaolp iscusc ahs t hea vailability,s tcoorlalagenecd,et cioonno,m ic
analyosfis so laerne ragnyd t hosdee aliwnigt ahp plications.
Volum6e c ovearcst isvoel asrs teomfsb uildiinngc,l udsiencgt ioonn s
domestaincdc ommerciwaalt ehre ating, reasnidcd oemnmteiracli al space
heatianngd,r esidenatnidca olm mercial cosopalceiT nhge.e mphasiins
thivso lumiess ystetmhse:di ers ign, analysis,a npeder cfoonrommainccse.,
Mosto ft hea ctisvoel asry stedmess criibnet dh ivso lumaer en otn ow
commercpiraold ucMtasn.y w erbeu ialntd t estaesdp arotf t her esearch
andd evelopmoernt th ed emonstraptrioognr acmasr rioeudtb y the
DepartmoefnE tn ergDye,p artmoefnH to usianngd U rbaDne velopment,
ando thefre dearnadls taatgee nciHeosw.e vetrh,se c opeo fs ystecmosv ered
isv erbyr oaadn di ncluvdierst ueavlelrycy o nfiguratthiaohtna sb eebnu ilt
andt estteodd ate.
Ther eadweirt ahn i nterienas ctt isvyes tefmosrb uildianpglsi cations
maya lswoa ntt oc onsuvlotl um5e,w hiccho vetrhse c omponenatnsd
materioalfas c tisvyes tevmosl,u m4e,w hicthr eatthsfe u ndamenteanle rgy
dynamiocfsb uildianngdsv ,o lum9e,w hicdhe alwsi tthh ea rchitectural
integraotfei noenr sgyys teamnsdb uildings.
Volume5sa nd6 togetchoenrs tiat cuotmep rehencsoimvpee ndioufm
ther esuolfta sc tisvoel arre seadrecvhe lopmaennddt e monstraptrioon
grams spamnonrietn hga and ecadaen da h alTfh.e yc oveerv erays peocft
actisvoel atre chnolofgireosmm ateriparlo perttois eyss tepme rformance
ande conomiacnsd,t het reatmoefnt to pircasn gefsr omf undamental
physitcops r actiacpalp licatdiaotnaAs.n yonwei tahn i nterienas ctt ive
solatre chnolforgoymt, h er esearcthote hred ecismiaokne tro t hee nd
usewri,l filn dt hestew ov olumaet sr easturroevo efv aluaibnlfeo rmation.
Preface
Thet erm" actisvoel asry stemissc" o mmonlayp pliteoda ssembloife s
equipmetnhta ptr ovide heatingo,rh octwo aotleiirnn dg w,e llianngds
commercial buUisludailenlgxysc .l udiesed q uipmetnhtas tu ppleileesc
tricoirtp yr oducotfbs i ological prAolcseeoxs csleusd.ae rdme a teriaanlds
designtsh abty,pe rmittitnhgpe a ssisvuep polCys oleanre rtgoya b uilding,
usualtlhyr ouwgihn dowosro thetrr anspaarnednt tr anslusceunrtf aces,
can redutceh ed emanfdo cro nventieonnearlg y.
Asw itthh eo thebro okisn t hisse ritehsep, r imapryu rpoosfet hivso l
umei st hed ocumentaotfit oenc hnolopgircoaglr aamnsd d evelopments,
supporptreidm arbiylt yh eU .SD.e partmeonfEt n ergwyh,i cCha cilitated
thep ractiucsaeol f s olaern ergTyh.re ei nterreltaetcehdn oloagriee s
covered-thheea tionfgw atefro rc onsumptuisvees, p aceh eatiinng
buildianngdst ,h eu seo fs olaern erignye quipmefnotcr o olibnugi ldings.
Simileaqru ipmesnutc,ash solacro llectanodr hse astt oraugnei tissu, s ed
inal lt hreea pplicatOitohnescr.o mponenCtoser,x amplteh,es ubsystems
produccionlgaird orc olwda tebry u se ofa s olhaera stu pplayr,es pecific
toa p articauplpalri cation.
Thef ederaplr ograimn,i tiaitne1 d9 7a3n dfi rscto nductbeyd t he
NationSacli enFceo undati(oNSnF )n,e xbty t heE nergRye searacnhd
Development Administraatnidot nh eb(nyE t RhDeAD )e,p artmeonCt
Energ(yD OE)p,r ovidmeods to ft hefi nancial souCpt phoerr ets earch,
developmaenndtd ,e monstraotfit ohne stee chnoloSgiteasr.t iwnigt h
a verlyi mitbeads ei,n vestigianut noirvse rlsaibtoyr atogroiveesrnm,e nt
researccehn terasn,d i ni ndustsruycce ssfulldye velopetdh et echnology
necessafroycr o mmercialiozfsa otliaeornn e ruseg y inb uildings.
Althoutghhef ederafulnldye dp rogrami st hep rincispuablj eocCtt his
booke,a rldieevre lopmaenndts so mep rojescptosn sobryeo dt heorr gani
zationasr ea lsion cludTehde.e xteonftal lt hesaec tiviitsmi uecsh t oo
largfeo dre scrialbilon fgt hemo rf odre tailainnyog ft hemi nt hisb ook.
ReCerences accompeaancyinchgh aptoeffre rre adearnso pportunittoy
obtaaidnd itiionnfaolr maotnit ohnev ariotuosp ics.
HistoPreirscapeclt ive
Priort ot hes tarotfU .Sg.o vernments uppoorfts olaern ergreys earch
in1 97t3h,es tate-of-itnsh oe-laaerrnt e rfgoybr u ildirnagnsg efdr omt he
useo fp ractirceasli denstoilaawlra tehre atiinnwg a rm climattoen se gli-
