Table Of ContentACTIORNE SEARCH
Dialogues on InWnoorvakti oann d
The book seDrUJloguesi es onW orlca ndI nnovaptreisoenn ts embasedp irsitcuadlasi lweyes l l
as theoretidciaslcu ssoinot nhspe ra ctiocfeo rganizartieonnewaall .
Itpsu blicartieoflnectths e i nrceasliyurn ggennte edf otrh e develoopfnm ewe fnotrms of
worko rganizaItinto odna.y i'nst erdepewnodrelwndot,r kplacea nrdoe rfgaonrmi zational
effectiveanrneeos l so ngseorl tehlceyo ncoefrni ndivioduragla niztahtileoocal n sa;n dt he
globahla ve becocmleo sienltye rconnected.
Dialogues onW orka nIdn nwatmiirroorsnt he fact thdaevte leonptmeaerpnnrissodte ci etal
developcmaennntbo etk epsetp araFtuer.t hertmhoeSr eer,i focusese s ont hdiea logue
between theorya npdra cticaen,td h uso nt hmeu tuaolfkintoyw leadngead c tioonfr, ese arch
andd evelopThmee Dnit.alogues strestsh crieti casli gnifiocfaj nocirene tfl exiviinta yc tion
oriented arnesedta hrnecec he ssfiotprya rticipaptroocrye sisnoes r ganizational change.
Editors
Hansvan BeinumH,alms tadU niversi(tEyd itor-in-Chief)
RicharEdn nalKsi,ngs toUnn iversity
WernerF rickFer,i edEribecrtSh t ifiungB,o nn
0yvind PMshaugWeonrk, R esearchI nstitOuksl,o
Editorial Board
Oguz Bahiirogl(uB � UniversityA.nU rG);Cla udeF aucheux( CREDFSo.ntGineh k4u);D avyddJ .
Grttnwood (ComeUU ni"eni�tyni)s G;re gory (RusCkinol •Oxfo.nl );B joGrnu stav(seNn atioJUJl
InstitfourteW o"'iLngifo ,S toaholm); Frisod enH ertog ( Univusity limbc{u rg); Frieder Naschold
(WiumschaftszmtrvBme,rlin )K;urt AagaardN idsen( Rostilde Uniwrsity);Ro bert Putnam (Action
Dt:sign AssociatesN,CJl idc,U SAA)nn;e midcReoo hedc (U ..Wusityo Afm stenlam); JohnS hatt(Uer n iver
sity Noewf HGmpshire)S;tqJ hen Toulmin (Univeorsityf S CHUhem California)lk;ne van der Vlist
(U niwrsoifLety ide n).
Volum8e
Davydd GJr.ee nwood( ed.)
ActiRoens earcFhr:o mp racticet ow riting
ina ni nternational raecseatricdeveohln o pmenptrog ram
ActioRne search
Fromp racett iowc rtiinigna ni nternational
actiroens eardcehv elonptmp erogram
Editbeyd
DAVYDJDG. R EEWNOOD
JOHNB ENJIANMPSU BLHIISGN COMPAYN
AMSTERDAMI/ALPDHELPHIA
1bc paper used inth isp ublicationm cds the minimurmeq u�i ts ofA merican
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Ulnary of Conpas CalaJosins-io-Publication Data
Actioresenarc h :f romp ractitcowrie ting in ani nternationaalcti onres earchdeve lopmenptrogra m I
editrcl by Davydd JG.re enwood.
p. em-.(Dialogues onwo rk andin novatiIonS,S 1N J8.t-6; 6v87., 1
Indudcsb ibliograprhd"iecalre ncea.
1A.ctio n researchI..G reenwood. DavyddJ I.I Se.ries .
HM48.A361 999
)oo'.7�--DC�J 98-55950
ISBN9 o� 7�1 778 (5 Eur./)1 5 568139�9 (US,( Phalk:. perpa, CIP
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Contents
Praecfe vii
Part 1A:C REaSn Adcti onR esearch
Chapte1r
On thDee siogftn h e ACPRrEoSg ram 3
Hans vanBe inum
Chapte2r
ActiRoesne arPcahr adigms 25
MorteLnev in
Chapter3
ResearicnAh C RES 39
CluadeFa uchuxe
Chapte4r
Organizationailn PRArECoSc esses 55
Reenv and erV lits
Chapte5r
TheR hetoorfAi cct iRoens ecahWr:r ttlinngthe ACRESP rogram 91
Davydd] .G reenwood
Chapter6
TheR hetoorfAi cct iRoens eha:Vr iceswf ormA CRESP artiipcants 99
SivF rils.J ohPnu cketOystt.e iSnpj elkavi.ak nAd gnetHaa nsson
Part IIC:a seS tudies
Chapte7r
ApplRieeseda rocrAh c tiRoens eaDrciehffr?e onrCt o mpletmaeryn
Methods 171
taysteSipjne klakv l
ChapterS
LiniknSgoc ilaSc ienWcoer kiLniegfR esearcahn Wdo rRke ofnn:
A Rolfeor U niversities 131
KjellE rksison
vi COTNENST
Chapt9e r
TheA ctiRoens eaTrrcahd iitnti hoUenn eidtS tatTeosw:a rd a Strategy
forR evitatlhiSezoc iinaSglc ientcheUesn .i vseirtya.n tdh e Americ1a74n City
John Pukcetat ndIr Haa kravy
Chapt1e0r
Bott-oumOpr agnizatiCohnaanlTg hee:S egerstroCmase 196
BerJ/tO lsson
Chapt1e1r
SetttihnSegc efnoreE ffectiDniogag luBeet weeMne nand WomeantW ork
InrgiLdju ngberg vaBn eJunm 181
Chapt1e2r
Do WeN eeda G endPeerr specitnAi cvtei Roense arocnWh o rk
Organizations? 205
AgnetaH n
ansso
Chapt1e3r
LearnintgoL earn:P aritpaitcoAryc tiRoense aricnPh u blSicch ools 223
AnnM artin
Chapt1e4r
HowA bouaDt i oagluThe?e CommunaitciPveer specMteievtes 239
thSoec ioecoloPgeircsapelc tive
HenrJDokns Flnsrud
Reefrences 259
SubjeIcndte x 237
NameI ndex 279
Preface
DavydJd.G reenwood
The ScandinAacvtiiaRonesne arDcehv elopPmreongtro arAm C RES( Action
ReseacrhI nS candinwaavsIi nmaa n}y w ayasn u nuslulnatll aStlupvpeo.r btye d
Swedisahn Ndo rwegaigaenn cbiielsa teIraItln lveyod.la vctlorneas rechfermrso
NorwayS,w edenF.i nlHaonldl,aG nredBa,rt i taanitdnh .e USntitateseT.dh ea im
wast oe nhantchere e asercphr actoifce exsp erieanccteirdoe nase rchebrsy
emphasiwzriintgai sna gk e y etnoh ancriesenagrc qhu iatlTyh.e proegnram
gageadc tiresoena rchIenarsv arioeflt eyarn ign artnep rshiapsn nde twosrokmse,
ofw hiacrhse tl cilo ntinuing.
ACRES waalssc oh arazcetdbe yrI itnernal tensiaonndcs o nfliboctths ,
Inteecltlaunaodlr gaantiizotnhaamtla .d teh per ocess stoxamienfwgoha ral ttlh e
partciipaInntcsil.nu tgdh set aTffh.e set ensiaortnseh vee rys tfuo ffw hictheh
fielodfa ctlorne sehaIs r macde.
Howt,h etnob, e t ruteos ucahm utlaicfetpedr ocessA?st heed iotfothe r
rseultmianngu scriIpha tv.en oftou ntdh eiass ayn Id watnobet s tratoifrwgahrd
aboutthd ee cistihoarntess u ltetdh ivIson l umTeh.ro uag phr ocestsh athet
partpiacniatnssd t asffeu tpt ogethseevre.cn a tschehae p teIrnps a rtI oIf t hbeoo k
werec hosfeornI ncluosuiotofa n l arnguemrb oefmr a nusctrhipepa trtsi ctispa n
produc.Fed otr hocshea ptmeyrsJ .o habs be enp rimathrialtoy f eadni tando r
commteantOonreo. f m yq ualifictaost eirvoaenss e diotofthr e b ookI ss imply
thIaa tm t hoen lnya tsipveea okfEe nrg loinths ehs ta.ff waIsa lsor esponsfiobrl e
the Idneistioigfthean l w ritcionmgp onoeftn htpe r omgr.a
Thes icxh atpersm akiunpgp artI .A CRESan dA ctiRoense rcah,a rae
dieffremanttt eTrh.efi rsfti vwee rwer itbtyme enm bers tohfse t aaffn rde rpesent
theviire wosnA CRESa ndo na ctlornes arceh.O nes tamffe mberK,je lSl.
Johannedsinsdoe ctno ,n traic bhuatpett heoru,hg ewh a sf reet o sdooC. ha pt6e r
Isac ontrifborumtis oenv eral parotnti hceie pacenotfftf ts h wer ltlfnocgu osn
theierx perieInnAc CeR ES.
Inw orkionncg ha pter1st hro5ug,Ihe xeirsecda g redaet. oafel d itorial
feerdom.T ogetHhaensrv ,a nB elnandu m MorteLne vicno -adimsitnether ed
ACRESp rogrfaotmrh ree sotfu s. Ith uhspa lvaec edt wthoge einre eraslsa ys
firstV.a nB eln'usmI ntroduccthoaryp tseertst hes tagfeor ACRES and
contextmuaanloytf tz hesce o necrntsh altet doA CREhSa vitnhgfe o nnth atI t
vlll PREFACE
di.dL eiv'nscha ptberri elflayyo su t mtahievn a riseo tfai cetireoseanr candh
tracset hvee rdyif efreInntt cetlulaaenlpd r actllltncearlabrywl hesi cthhm ee m
berso ft hset aff carne tIhpnert eoocss .
Folwliontgh esIen troducchtaopryat reaersc hapbtye rC lFaauudceh aenuxd
oneb yR ene vaVnl idIsentbor .t hc asesI,u sead h eavyed itioarl hIa nd.
substantrieavliaslneysdd h orteFnaeudc h'eesus xsabyy tr yintgof ocus rpslhya
ont hwea yI ptr odvsei car eaatnitdvh eo uuglnh atrfraotnti hodene velopomfe nt
actiroense haI rnpc hliosoapnhtdyh rougthhhoeiut sto royfs cieInbe clei.et vhei s
essay wbiele lx tremevlayl uatboml aen ryae debercsa uIspter ovidkesi ntodhf e
htsto/ralncaallybtalcckaglrt ohuaIntssod otfemni ssinIgnw ritaibnogau ctt ion
reserach.
Van dVelri' ssct ontrni.bau vteirloyo negss ayo nA CRESas a social
proc,e sspresaenn teendtd iierffreelknyit n odfc hallIeh naegvei.el diyt ethed
Englbiuslthe I ftt lse ngItnht TahcitIs.os ne o ft hmeo sutnu sualy sIeha svsaee ver
encountIetpr aedi.n staaknidwn igtlhyco uotmas psiofnor a nynoei.n cilnugd
hims,e lcfharacttheaerl imzasesn dfia ilngosft hset aIffntr yintgom akteh e
ACREpSr ocess wohrakmd.a nWdyei fficmuolmte nttso getahnweder r oeft en
diviodneI ds soufets h e,om ryethaodn.ped r snaols ytle.
Sucsht rusggare l eusuahlildydf eornmv ieIwnt hfeni aplr oduocftt h seo rt
thaabt oo kre presenbtsuI.th aveelc etendo tto tdhoaI tnm. y v ieawn.dI nm y
experietnecaec haicntgir oeansr ecohu.er n teilry satnoioet dia zccosuo nfat ction
researpcrhos cseesm akteh onsee wt ot hfei efleedlc omlpetIeclnoym petent.
Whent hey experience uncaenrtdea viebnnet cyo.em necr oanwgflieidtthec h t .
procoefsstr yintgow ortkh roaucgthi roensr ecaht.h ey oftetno f eeclto hmaet
thearey u niquaetflua ylu tn,i quuenlqyu altiocfi oendd suucctah c tiesv.Wi htiilI e
amI nn ow ayp romotcionngfl fiorcI tts o wnsa kew.h eand viergser ouopf
praicotrniswet itdhif freenet xpercisee.tnh eoripeesrs.o naanldf orsmta yt aleme.s
somceo nflIisIc nte avbi.lt eThat wef orsmcu offnereflIdisn c otst u rpritshiantg .
wes uirvveIdtt o getIsh Iempro rtaanntd. thraetls tutibohnoegk I sn owc omplete
Isr eaw airdnogu tceo.Cm oncfltai nadc tiroens eaare rncohat to pposietned s of
sompoel ariWthye.nw ew ork hoanI rssdu eosff undamteanIlm potrantcoeu s
personlalsyo,m dee groefce o niflcItsbo undt oo cc.uE rnabglt ihnper octeos s
survitvhece o nflIistch tke e y.
Van dVeltrs' t est hnographlicct atsnypeda cm ltofsbtru tahlon estaybo ut
whawted iadn ddi ndo dto tIhsee froar eu nidqocuuem entth heIit nso royfa ction
reserachP.u bliinsIghtI nt hfiorms embodimeysc onvictthiasotun cpe hrs pec
tivsehso uflormd p aortf r eportoinan cgt rieoasnre cIhwf e w anotu sru ccessotrso
learnf ormm oroeft hree ledviamnetns ioofon user x perience.
ThJdsoe sn omte anh.o wevera.ll t htseht aataff g raebeo vuatn Vdlei'rs ts
viewfsort. h edyon oIte.nv aibtyle acho fu ss eest hIes ssoumese whadtfi frenetly.
Thec hapotnew rr itIistn hgoe n loyn oef I tksi nIda ma waroe.fA CRES
broke gnreowuI nnmd a kiwnrgi taic negn teropfai cetcierose enra cthr aining.
PRFEACE lx
The notioofrn e flecptriavcett hircoewu rgiht liswn igd ely abcucrater petledy
prtaiccHeedr.te h seta fwfa su neidtl na ffirmitnhgse l glnactnfcoefth ew riting
elemeMnutcm.ho rnee etdobes saida bouwtr itlinan cgt riseeoanrc hb,u attl east
thliass staIrIsttf .ol lwoed byr eporftsor mth e ptaiprcainftorsw homt hwer iting
wasa nas signdedie mnsioofthn e itra sIknsw .r ittihnergie porsn se,ts hehya tdh e
drtav fersioofmn y o wn choanpw treirtt iown ogr fkor ma nd utsaoes a p oionft
oriaeitnotnTh.e ya lsop rovidedu esmufulfc edheb actkom ea bout owmny
chapter.
Thufsor,m be ginntioen ngd . ACRES ahnua nsu sbepuerajnole cMtu.l tina
tionmaullp.te irspect,iw vrainltgci entearendcd.a ses tufdocyu sedi,pt r oviad es
rarsee nseo ft hset aotfae c treiseoanr cphr acltnEi ucreo apet pthree sent time and
a feelinfgor th ev oicoefts h yeo uenrgg eneraotfpi rotanic nteirowsh oa re
emergithneg aoocnnrt eiasrecsche ne.
Iam grautlte ofm yc olleagouneth ses tfaf fort hesiurp poofrtth ew riting
enterprise.th eiisnruc plpouortdfm i yned git oreiffaolrtl snt hfiisna plh aosef t he
prjoectK.a therGionstetc ahkl otfhW er itPirnogg raatCm o rnUenlilve rwsaist y
mosgte nerwoiuthse xceptiuosenufalal dlvyi acneds ourwchese nD avydd
Greenwowoda sp lannthietn ega chaipnpgro taothc ehA CRESw orkshEovpesn.
wheInh adb routhgehm ta nusctroti hpiptso intwa.s s tlita lnIl m menands e
unwieseltdo yfc hapt.e rsShatphimaenn gusc ripItn tIotp sr esenvte rsandi on
Improvtihnwegr intgthi roughlosu wtto hreok fa s uperebd itEorriF.co axw ,h om
It haonnko ucrol lecbethiavlfeorf h eerx cellent work.
