Table Of ContentAcoustical Imaging
Volume 12
Acoustical Imaging
Volume I Proceedings of the First International Symposium,
December 1967, edited by A. F. Metherell,
H. M. A. EI-Sum, and Lewis Larmore
Volume 2 Proceedings of the Second International Symposium,
March 1969, edited by A. F. Metherell and Lewis Larmore
Volume 3 Proceedings of the Third International Symposium,
July 1970, edited by A. F. Metherell
Volume 4 Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium,
April 1972, edited by Glen Wade
Volume 5 Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium,
July 1973, edited by Philip S. Green
Volume 6 Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium,
February 1976, edited by Newell Booth
Volume 7 Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium,
August 1976, edited by Lawrence W. Kessler
Volume 8 Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium,
May 29-June 2,1978, edited by A. F. Metherell
Volume 9 Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium,
December 3-6,1979, edited by Keith Y. Wang
Volume 10 Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium,
October 12-16, 1980, edited by Pierre Alais and Alexander F. Metherell
Volume II Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium,
May4-7, 1981, edited by John P. Powers
Volume 12 Proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium,
July 19-22, 1982, edited by Eric A. Ash and C. R. Hill
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
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actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
Acoustical Imaging
Volume 12
Edited by
Eric A. Ash
University College
London, England
and
c. R. Hill
Institute of Cancer Research
Royal Marsden Hospital
Sutton, England
PLENUM PRESS . NEW YORK AND LONDON
The Library of Congress cataloged the first volume of this series as follows:
International Symposium on Acoustical Holography.
Acoustical holography; proceedings. v. 1-
New York, Plenum Press, 1967-
v. illus. (part col.), ports. 24 cm.
Editors: 1967- A. F. Metherell and L. Larmore (1967 with H. M. A. el-Sum)
Symposiums for 1967- held at the Douglas Advanced Research Laboratories,
Huntington Beach, Calif.
1. Acoustic holography-Congresses-Collected works. l. Metherell. Alexander A.,
ed. II. Larmore, Lewis, ed. III. el-Sum, Hussein Mohammed Amin, ed. IV. Douglas
Advanced Research Laboratories. v. Title.
QC244.5.1 5 69-12533
ISBN 978-1-4613-9782-3 ISBN 978-1-4613-9780-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4613-9780-9
Proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium on
Acoustical Imaging, held July 19-22, 1982, in
London, England
© 1982 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1982
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
The formation of images by ultrasound is a fascinating
study, with well-established, yet rapidly growing, applic-
ations in medicine and with increasing relevance to a
surprisingly disparate set of problems in the non-destructive
examination of materials and components. The present
volume is a record of the research presented at the Twelfth
International Symposium on Acoustic Imaging, held in
London during July 1982. Whilst, therefore, it offers
primarily a snap-shot in time of a rapidly developing
field, it is so organized that it will also serve as a
high-speed entry into the literature for someone embarking,
for the first time, on· researches in this branch of applied
science.
As in previous volumes, some of the work reported is
concerned with topics which, whilst of critical importance
to the performance of any imaging system, - e.g. transducers,
signal processing may not address themselves to image
formation per se. A new departure is the inclusion
of photo-acoustic imaging a subject of rapidly growing
importance for many of the same application areas relevant
to acoustical imaging.
The editors, with the enthusiastic co-operation of the
Publishers, have aimed to achieve the highest possible
speed a publication date within four months of the
conference itself. In the pursuit of this endeavour,
it is not impossible that the density of typos, and other
minor errors which rt!main, is marginally higher than
could have been achieved, given a more leisurely editing
pace. The editors would like to express their sincere
thanks to Dr David Sinclair and Mrs Lee Surry who have
ensured nonetl1eless that a high standard of presentation
has been achieved. Their gratitude also extends to
all authors who, by careful attention to the "rules" of
camera-ready production, and by their prompt deli very
v
vi PREFACE
of the manuscrips, have played the key role in the creation
of this volume and in allowing us rapidly to present
it to the scientific community.
C. R. Hill
E.A. Ash
CONTENTS
ACOUSTICAL MICROSCOPY - 1
Considerations of Contrast in the Helium
Acoustic Microscope ..•..... 1
S. Christie and A.F.G. Wyatt
Acoustic Microscopy at Temperatures Less
Than O.2°K ........... . 13
D. Rugar, J.S. Foster and J. Heiserman
Planar Acoustic Microscope Lens 27
G.W. Farnell and C.K. Jen
ACOUSTICAL MICROSCOPY - 2
Coverslip Induced Artifacts in High
Resolution Scanning Laser Acoustic
Microscope Images .•.... •• 37
R.K. Mueller and R.L. Rylander
Ultrasonic Focussing in Absorptive Fluids 47
M. Nikoonahad and E.A. Ash
Scanning Photoacoustic Microscopy and
Detection of Subsurface Structure 61
Zhang Shu-yi, Yu Chao, Miao Yong-zhi,
Tang Zheng-yan and Gao Dun-tang
Applications of Acoustic Microscopy in
the Semiconductor Industry . 67
A.J. Miller
vii
viii CONTENTS
NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION - 1
Application of Scanning Acoustic Microscope
to the Study of Fracture and Wear 79
K. Yamanaka, Y. Enomoto and Y. Tsuya
Acoustic Microscopy for Materials Studies 89
G.A.D. Briggs, C. I1ett and M.G. Somekh
Material Characterization by Acoustic
Microscope with Line-Focus Beam 101
J-i. Kushibiki, A. Ohkubo and N. Chubachi
NDE of Solids with a Mechanically B-Scanned
Acoustic Microscope ............ . 113
I.R. Smith, D.A. Sinclair and H.K. Wickramasinghe
Scanning Acoustic Microscopy Inside Ceramic
Samples ............. . 125
B. Nongai11ard, J.M. Rouvaen and H. Saisse
NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION - 2
Ultrasonic-Wave Generation by Surface and Bulk
Heating in Mu1timateria1 Structures 137
G.C. Wetsel, Jr.
Scanned Photothermal Imaging of Subsurface
Structure ............ . 147
F.A. McDonald, G.C.Wetse1, Jr. and S.A. Stotts
Acoustical Imaging of Near Surface Properties
at the Rayleigh Critical Angle ....... . 157
G.L. Fitzpatrick, B.P. Hildebrand and A.J. Boland
An Experimental Investigation of the 'Hosepipe'
Technique of Real-Time C-Scanning 175
C.P. Oates and T.A. Whittingham
SIGNAL PROCESSING - 1
A Stochastical Imaging Procedure 185
R.H.T. Bates and B.S. Robinson
Lateral Inverse Filtering of Ultrasonic
B-Scan Images ........ . 193
W. Vo11mann, H. Schomberg, G. Mahnke
CONTENTS ix
Texture Classification of B-Scan Ultrasound
Images: an Assessment using Tissue Models 203
O.K. Nassiri, D. Nicholas and C.R. Hill
Reduction of Speckle in Ultrasound B-Scans
by Digital Processing ....... . 213
R.J. Dickinson
SIGNAL PROCESSING - 2
Optical Processing of Linear Array Ultrasonic
Images ... . . . . . ..... 225
G. Rizzatto and P. Sirotti
Inverse Filtering to Minimize the Effect of
Mechanical Aberration in Focusing
Piezoelectric Transducers 235
M. Mortezaie and G. Wade
The Application of Maximum Entropy to the
Processing of Ultrasonic Images of Nuclear
Reactor Components Immersed in Liquid Sodium 249
S.F. Burch and J.A. McKnight
A Self-Focusing Ultrasonic Image Reconstruction
Technique ............. . 259
S. Sepehr, J.M. Reeves and S.O. Harrold
New Possibilities in Data Measurement, Signal
Processing and Information Extraction;
Philosophy and Results ....... . 269
A.J. Berkhout, J. Ridder and M.P. de Graaff
TRANSDUCERS - 1
A Method for Improving Acoustic Switching
Ratio in Opto-Acoustic Transducers 281
B. Noorbehesht and V. Arat
The Design of Electric Excitations for the
Formation of Desired Temporal Responses
of Highly Efficient Transducers 293
R.Y. Liu
A Linear Monolithic Receiving Array of PVDF
Tranducers for Transmission Cameras 307
B. Granz
x CONTENTS
Physical Limiations of Optically-Scanned
Acoustic Imaging Tranducers at Ultrasonic
Frequencies Above 10MHz ...... . 317
C.W. Turner, A. Ayoola, S.O. Ishrak and M. Salahi
TRANSDUCERS - 2
Particle Velocity and Displacement Patterns of
Disc Transducers with Amplitude Shading 327
D.A. Hutchins and J.A. Archer-Hall
Recent Developments in Axicon Imaging ....... 339
R.L. Clarke, J.C. Bamber, C.R.Hill and P.F. Wankling
MULTI ELEMENT ARRAYS
Enhanced Trapped Energy Mode Array Transducer
Using Thickness Overtones .... 351
D.V. Shick, H.F. Tiersten, R.P. Kraft,
J.F. McDonald and P.K. Das
A Theoretical Study of Transient Behaviour of
Ultrasonic Transducers in Linear Arrays 361
M. Th. Larmande and P. Alais
An Experimental Method for Characterizing
Ultrasonic Transducers . . . . . . 371
P. Alais, P. Cervenka, Z. Houchangnia
and C. Kammoun
A Two-Dimensional Phased Array with an Extended
Depth of Focus: Some Preliminary Results 381
D.R. Fox and R.E. Reilly
SCATTERING AND PROPAGATION
Estimation of Echo Scattered from Strongly
Scattering Medium . . . . . . 391
M. Ueda
Directivity Patterns in Inhomogeneous
Acoustic Media ........... . 401
H. Lasota, B. Delannoy and M. Moriamez
Tissue Ultrasonic Attenuation Well Modelized
by a Mellin-Convolution ...... . 413
M. Auphan and J.-M. Nicolas
