Table Of ContentAcidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems
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Donald F. Charles
Editor
Susan Christie
Technical Editor
Acidic Deposition and
Aquatic Ecosystems
Regional Case Studies
With 373 Illustrations
Springer-Verlag
New York Berlin Heidelberg London
Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona
Donald F. Charles
Department of Biology
Indiana University
Bloomington, Indiana 47405
USA
currently working under cooperative agreement at;
U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory
200 SW 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97333
USA
Cover illustration: Oblique aerial photograph of seepage lakes and wetlands in Burnett County, northwestern
Wisconsin, USA. Photograph taken by lim Omernik, U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis,
Oregon, USA.
Frontispiece: Map of case study areas prepared by Tony Selle, Mantech Environmental Technologies, Inc., U.S.
EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Acidic deposition and aquatic ecosystems: regional case studiesl
D.F. Charles editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
\. Acid deposition-Environmental aspects-United States. 2. Acid
pollution ofrivers, lakes, etc. - Environmental aspects - United
States. 3. Aquatic ecology-United States. 4. Aquatic animals
United States-Effect of water pollution on. I. Charles, Donald
F. (Donald Franklin), 1949-
QH545.A17A238 1990
574.5'2632'0973-dc20 90-9847
Printed on acid-free paper.
© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
Copyright not claimed for works of employees of the United States government.
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission
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The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are
not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Mer
chandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Typeset by Publishers Service of Montana, Bozeman, Montana.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
ISBN -13: 978-1-4613-9040-4 e-ISBN -13: 978-1-4613-9038-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9038-1
Acknowledgments
In preparing this book, we have summarized and synthesized a wide range of information
and tried to present it in a consistent format so that readers can easily compare results from
one chapter to the next. I especially thank the authors for their commitment and coopera
tion in preparing an integrated book rather than a set of loosely related chapters. Many
people have participated in this project and devoted considerable time and energy. They
have communicated effectively and cooperated closely. I thank all involved.
The idea for a Regional Case Studies book originated within the U.S. EPA Aquatic
Effects Research Program (AERP), particularly with Dixon Landers, Rick Linthurst, and
Courtney Riordan. They were also responsible for providing funding for the project.
Susan Christie, NSI Senior Technical Editor at the EPA Environmental Research
Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, has made a significant contribution to the overall
editorial quality of this book. She has had responsibility for many of the duties normally
associated with a managing editor. She has kept track of the various versions and compo
nents of chapters, communicated frequently with authors and reviewers, edited
manuscripts for grammar, consistency, format, style, and readability, and made many sug
gestions for improving the design and layout of the book. Susan has devoted considerable
creative energy to this book. I have enjoyed working with her very much.
Several NSI personnel at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis,
Oregon, have provided significant contributions and support. Tony Selle used geographic
information system (GIS) software to prepare most of the maps in this book. Jeremy Smith
obtained and reformatted several of the computer databases used by chapter authors and
carried out many of the standard data analyses presented in the book, including the enrich
ment factor analyses. He, Jim Blick, Mark DeHaan, Danny Kugler, and Joe Bernert per
formed many statistical analyses and prepared many computer graphics. Kathy Hurley
provided the considerable and complicated administrative support necessary to make this
project happen. Roze Royce typed and revised versions of some of the chapters and many
letters, memos, and other project related communications. Sharon Ziminski helped organ
ize and coordinate the four meetings of project participants and arranged for the drafting
of final versions of many figures. Sue Brenard assisted with compilation and assembly of
the final draft manuscript. I thank Kathy Fox for preparing the index.
In addition to being coauthors on several chapters, Joan Baker and Sigurd Christensen
provided material on biota, especially fish, for several of the case study chapters. Rudy
Husar, also coauthor of a chapter and an appendix, provided critical information on
precipitation chemistry and loading for several types of analyses and maps used in case
study chapters, overview sections, and integration chapters.
v
vi Acknowledgments
Scientific peer review was a very important part of the writing process. We are indebted
to Dr. David Schindler and Dr. Hans Martin Seip for reviewing nearly all the chapters and
making many useful comments about the science and about how the chapters could be
revised to present a more integrated and cohesive assessment. Dr. Robert Cook, one of the
authors, thoroughly reviewed most of the chapters and provided many helpful sugges
tions. We also owe considerable thanks to all the people who reviewed individual chapters
and appendices:
David Armstrong, University of Stephen C. Nodvin, National Park
Wisconsin Service
Gerald Aubertin, Southern Illinois Stephen A. Norton, University of Maine
University Anthony Olsen, Battelle Northwest
Charles Barnes, U.S. Geological Survey National Laboratory
David Brakke, Western Washington Steve Paulsen, University of Nevada
University Karen Roy, Adirondack Park Agency,
Mark Brenner, Florida State Museum, New York
University of Florida David W. Schindler, Canada Department
Edward Deevey, Florida State Museum, of Fisheries and Oceans
University of Florida Carl Schofield, Cornell University
Peter Dillon, Ontario Ministry of the Hans Martin Seip, Center for Industrial
Environment Research, Norway
Charles A. Donkers, Northern States John P. Smol, Queen's University
Power Company at Kingston
James Drever, University of Wyoming Robert Stauffer, Private Consultant,
Clinton Duncan, Central Washington Lexington, Kentucky
University Kent Thornton, FTN Associates
Keith Eshleman, University of Virginia Kathy Tonnesson, California Air
Thomas Frost, University of Wisconsin Resources Board
David Helvey, U.S. Forest Service, Richard Vong, U.S. EPA Environmental
Northeastern Experiment Station Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon
Charles Hendry, Environmental Science Jack Waide, U.S. Forest Service,
& Engineering, Inc. Southeastern Experiment Station
Walter Kretser, Adirondack Lake Survey Donna Wales, Ministry of Natural
Corp., New York Resources, Canada
James LaBaugh, U.S. Geological Survey Eugene Welch, University of Washington
William McFee, Purdue University Denis White, NSI, U.S. EPA
Tilden Meyers, National Oceanographic Environmental Research Laboratory,
and Atmospheric Administration Corvallis, Oregon
The research described in the chapters of this book has been funded wholly or in part by
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The book has been subjected to the Agency's
peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication.
Contents
Acknowledgments ............................................... v
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Part I. Background
Introduction-Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems:
Regional Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Donald F. Charles
1. Processes Influencing the Acid-Base Chemistry of Surface Waters. . . . . . . . 9
Ronald K. Munson and Steven A. Gherini
2. Hydrochemical Assessment Methods for Analyzing the Effects
of Acidic Deposition on Surface Waters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Ronald K. Munson and Steven A. Gherini
3. Historical Trends in Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition and Methods
for Assessing Long-Term Trends in Surface Water Chemistry ............ 65
Rudolf B. Husar, TImothy J. Sullivan, and Donald F. Charles
4. Effects of Acidification on Biological Communities
in Aquatic Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Joan P. Baker and Sigurd W. Christensen
5. Geographic Overview of the Regional Case Study Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 107
Joseph M. Eilers and Anthony R. Selle
Part II. Case Studies
Northeast Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 129
Charles T. Driscoll
6. Adirondack Mountains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133
Charles T. Driscoll, Robert M. Newton, Chad P. Gubala, Joan P. Baker,
and Sigurd W. Christensen
vii
viii Contents
7. Maine......................................................... 203
Jeffrey S. Kahl, Stephen A. Norton, Christopher S. Cronan,
Ivan J. Fernandez, Linda C. Bacon, and Terry A. Haines
8. Catskill Mountains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 237
John L. Stoddard and Peter S. Murdoch
9. Southeastern Canada: An Overview of the Effect of Acidic
Deposition on Aquatic Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 273
Dean S. Jeffries
Southeast Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 291
Jerry W. Elwood
lO. Mountains of Western Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 297
B. Jack Cosby, Patrick F. Ryan, James R. Webb, George M. Hornberger,
and James N. Galloway
11. The Southern Blue Ridge Province. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 319
Jerry W. Elwood, Michael J. Sale, Philip R. Kaufmann,
and Glenn F. Cada
Florida Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 365
Curtis D. Pollman
12. Florida........................................................ 367
Curtis D. Pollman and Daniel E. Canfield, Jr.
Upper Midwest Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 417
Robert B. Cook
13. Upper Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 421
Robert B. Cook and Henriette /. Jager
West Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 467
John M. Melack
14. Rocky Mountains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 471
John T. Turk and Norman E. Spahr
15. Sierra Nevada, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 503
John M. Melack and John L. Stoddard
16. Cascade Mountains 531
Peter 0. Nelson
Contents IX
Part III. Synthesis and Integration
17. Interregional Comparisons of Surface Water Chemistry
and Biogeochemical Processes ..................................... 567
Lawrence A. Baker, Joseph M. Eilers, Robert B. Cook, Philip R. Kaufmann,
and Alan T. Herlihy
18. Long-Term Temporal Trends in Surface Water Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 615
Timothy J. Sullivan
Appendices
A. Ion Enrichment Analysis for the Regional Case Studies Project. . . . . . . . . .. 641
Lawrence A. Baker
B. Regional Estimates of Atmospheric Dry Deposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 645
Lawrence A. Baker
C. Estimation of Precipitation Amount and Chemistry
at Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 653
Rudolf B. Husar
References ..................................................... 663
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 717
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 729
Contributors
Linda C. Bacon Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Augusta, Maine
04333, USA
Joan P. Baker Western Aquatics, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA
Lawrence A. Baker Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, St.
Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA; currently working under cooperative agreement at:
U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA
Glenn F Cada Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6036, USA
Daniel E. Canfield, Jr. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
Donald F Charles Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
47405; currently working under cooperative agreement at: U.S. EPA Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon 97333; USA
Sigurd W Christensen Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Labora-
tory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6036, USA
Robert B. Cook Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6036, USA
B. Jack Cosby Department of Environmental Sciences, Clark Hall, University of Vir-
ginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA; current address: School of Forestry and
Environmental Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27706, USA
Christopher S. Cronan Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, University of
Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
Charles T. Driscoll Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse
University, Syracuse, New York 13244-1190, USA
Joseph M. Eilers E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA
Jerry W Elwood Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6036; current address: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston,
Virginia 22092, USA
Ivan J. Fernandez Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Maine, Orono,
Maine 04469, USA
James N. Galloway Department of Environmental Sciences, Clark Hall, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
Steven A. Gherini Tetra Tech, Inc., Lafay~tte, California 94549, USA
Chad P. Gubala Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse
University, Syracuse, New York 13244-1190, USA
xi
