Table Of ContentInternational and Development Education
The International and Development Education Series focuses on the complementary areas
of comparative, international, and development education. Books emphasize a number of
topics ranging from key international education issues, trends, and reforms to examina-
tions of national education systems, social theories, and development education initiatives.
Local, national, regional, and global volumes (single authored and edited collections) con-
stitute the breadth of the series and offer potential contributors a great deal of latitude
based on interests and cutting edge research. The series is supported by a strong network
of international scholars and development professionals who serve on the International and
Development Education Advisory Board and participate in the selection and review process
for manuscript development.
SERIES EDITORS
John N. Hawkins
Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles
Senior Consultant, IFE 2020 East West Center
W. James Jacob
Assistant Professor, University of Pittsburgh
Director, Institute for International Studies in Education
PRODUCTION EDITOR
Heejin Park
Research Associate, Institute for International Studies in Education
INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Clementina Acedo, UNESCO’s International Bureau of Education, Switzerland
Ka-Ho Mok, University of Hong Kong, China
Christine Musselin, Sciences Po, France
Yusuf K. Nsubuga, Ministry of Education and Sports, Uganda
Val D. Rust, University of California, Los Angeles
John C. Weidman, University of Pittsburgh
Institute for International Studies in Education
School of Education, University of Pittsburgh
5714 Wesley W. Posvar Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
Center for International and Development Education
Graduate School of Education & Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles
Box 951521, Moore Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095
Titles:
Higher Education in Asia/Pacific: Quality and the Public Good
Edited by Terance W. Bigalke and Deane E. Neubauer
Affirmative Action in China and the U.S.: A Dialogue on Inequality and Minority Education
Edited by Minglang Zhou and Ann Maxwell Hill
Critical Approaches to Comparative Education: Vertical Case Studies from Africa, Europe, the
Middle East, and the Americas
Edited by Frances Vavrus and Lesley Bartlett
Curriculum Studies in South Africa: Intellectual Histories & Present Circumstances
Edited by William F. Pinar
Higher Education, Policy, and the Global Competition Phenomenon
Edited by Laura M. Portnoi, Val D. Rust, and Sylvia S. Bagley
The Search for New Governance of Higher Education in Asia
Edited by Ka-Ho Mok
International Students and Global Mobility in Higher Education: National Trends and New
Directions
Edited by Rajika Bhandari and Peggy Blumenthal
Curriculum Studies in Brazil: Intellectual Histories, Present Circumstances
Edited by William F. Pinar
Access, Equity, and Capacity in Asia-Pacific Higher Education
Edited by Deane Neubauer and Yoshiro Tanaka
Forthcoming titles:
Policy Debates in Comparative, International, and Development Education
Edited by John N. Hawkins and W. James Jacob
Increasing Effectiveness of the Community College Financial Model: A Global Perspective for
the Global Economy
Edited by Stewart E. Sutin, Daniel Derrico, Rosalind Latiner Raby, and Edward J. Valeau
A , E , C
CCESS QUITY AND APACITY IN
A -P H E
SIA ACIFIC IGHER DUCATION
E
DITED BY
D N
EANE EUBAUER
AND
Y T
OSHIRO ANAKA
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND CAPACITY IN ASIA-PACIFIC HIGHER EDUCATION
Copyright © Deane Neubauer and Yoshiro Tanaka, 2011.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 978-0-230-10110-4
All rights reserved.
First published in 2011 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-28665-2 ISBN 978-0-230-11921-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230119215
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Access, equity, and capacity in Asia Pacific higher education / edited
by Deane E. Neubauer, Yoshiro Tanaka.
p. cm.—(International & development education)
1. Universities and colleges—Pacific Area—Admission. 2. Universities
and colleges—East Asia—Admission. 3. Education, Higher—Pacific
Area—Case studies. 4. Education, Higher—East Asia—Case studies.
5. Educational equalization—Pacific Area—Case studies. 6. Educational
equalization—East Asia—Case studies. I. Neubauer, Deane E. II. Tanaka,
Yoshiro, 1955– III. Title. IV. Series.
LB2351.4.P16A23 2011
378.1(cid:2)61091823—dc22 2010049022
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: June 2011
Contents
List of Tables vii
East-West Center International Forum on Education 2020 ix
Series Editors’ Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 Introduction—Access, Equity, and Capacity 1
Deane Neubauer and Yoshiro Tanaka
2 Access, Equity, Capacity—Initiating Some Distinctions 5
John N. Hawkins and Deane Neubauer
3 Variations on Equity and Access in Higher Education
in Asia 15
John N. Hawkins
4 Defining and Measuring Capacity in Asia- Pacific
Higher Education 31
Deane Neubauer
5 A New World Order? The Emergence of “Structured
Opportunity Markets” in Higher Education 49
John Aubrey Douglass
6 Equity and Access in a Constantly Expanding Indonesian
Higher Education System 71
Irwan Abdullah
7 Quality as Key in Vietnam’s Passage to
Educational Integration 83
Bui Phuong Lan
8 The Dilemma of Higher Education Policy Choices
in Japan 99
Yoshiro Tanaka
VI Contents
9 Aligning Capacity with Needs in the Process of
Massification of Higher Education in China:
Northeast Normal University as a Case 115
Yang Zhong
10 Access, Equity, and Capacity: Concepts and Practices
versus National Development and Demographic Shifts in
Malaysian Higher Education 127
S yed Ahmad Bin Hussein, Zita H. J. Mohd Fahmi,
and Balakrishna Vassu
11 Social Justice, Equal Access, and Stratification of
Higher Education in Taiwan 139
Shen-K eng Yang and (Kent) Sheng Yao Cheng
12 A ccess, Equity, and Capacity: Managing Trade- offs
in the Philippines 155
Edilberto De Jesus
13 The Effect of Cross-B order Provision on Higher
Education Access, Equity, and Capacity in
the Asia- Pacific Region 171
Christopher Ziguras
14 Tensions between Autonomy and Accountability:
Access, Equity, and Capacity in Korean Higher Education 187
Minho Yeom
15 T wo Decades of Rapid Higher Education Change:
Losses and Gains in Equity, Capacity, and Access in
Asia- Pacific Higher Education 209
Deane Neubauer and Yoshiro Tanaka
List of Contributors 221
Index 227
Tables
6.1 P ercentage of GDP for education budgets
for select countries 74
6.2 Target participation rates for HE 76
6.3 I ndonesian population age 20–24 according to
type of activity in 2005 77
6.4 The unit cost of higher education (UCHE) as a
component of fractional expenditures of selected
universities (million rupiah) 79
11.1 Number of HEIs in Taiwan, 1949–2007 143
11.2 Number of public and private HEIs in Taiwan,
2006/2007 143
11.3 Number of male/female students in public/private HEIs,
2006/2007 143
11.4 T he educational background of freshmen’s fathers
at four types of universities 147
11.5 T he educational background of freshmen’s mothers
at four types of universities 148
13.1 Interregional student mobility, 2007 172
13.2 Singapore higher education students by provider type 180
14.1 Major higher education reform policies since 1980s 191
14.2 Growth of tertiary education 192
East-West Center International
Forum on Education 2020
The East-West Center is an education and research organization established
by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to strengthen relations and understanding
among the peoples and nations of Asia, the Pacific, and the United States.
The Center contributes to a peaceful, prosperous, and just Asia-Pacific
community by serving as a vigorous hub for cooperative research, educa-
tion, and dialogue on critical issues of common concern to the Asia-Pacific
region and the United States.
The International Forum on Education (IFE) 2020 is a research and
training initiative within the Center that is focused on higher education
transformation in the Asia-Pacific region. It was initiated to address the
need for new paradigms in education that will respond to transformative
economic, social, and cultural changes driven by increased globalization,
heightened interdependency, and uneven development among nations.
IFE 2020 aims to identify or conduct quality research on the phenomenal
growth of higher education in the region, investigate forces and factors
driving or resisting change, and apply research results to practical leader-
ship training for social change in the region. The program’s major publica-
tions have addressed issues of innovation, privatization, quality, migration,
access, and equity, and the impact of the knowledge society on higher
education. For further information, go to http://www.eastwestcenter.org/
education/international-forum-for-education-2020/.
Series Editors’ Preface
We are very pleased to welcome into our series another volume in our
ongoing collaboration with the East-West Center’s International Forum
on Education 2020. This book on access, equity, and capacity in the
Asia-Pacific region focuses on a critical dimension for the future devel-
opment of higher education. Nowhere in the world, perhaps, has there
been such high demand for higher education, which in turn has cre-
ated enormous challenges for institutional capacity, access, and equity.
The volume makes a valuable contribution to exploring the common
understandings of capacity and the structural problems that arise as a
result of the expansion of higher education systems in the region. Issues
of what constitutes appropriate capacity are explored in the context of
differentiation, mission shift, and resource streams. The nature of the
region lends itself to this discussion in the sense that the world’s larg-
est and most demand-driven higher education system (China) in the
world is there alongside systems that have the counterintuitive problem
of overcapacity (Japan and Taiwan). Who gets educated, the question
of access, and where one is educated is a global dilemma and is particu-
larly visible in the Asia region as nations with large populations, emerg-
ing economies, and a human resource structure that privileges those
with higher degrees on the job market strive to keep pace with the
rapid changes of globalization. As the authors note, it is not enough to
build capacity and expand access if one does also account for the many
dimensions of equity that present themselves. Equity of access is but
one of these issues, and the authors expand this discussion to explore
equity as it relates to survival in higher education (the drop out ques-
tion), output (who learns what), and application (the alignment issue).
This volume captures the complexities of these issues in the context of
specific case studies and differentiated political economies. The authors
are among the most distinguished in the region, widely published, and
offer analytical and insightful analyses of these difficult issues. This is
