Table Of ContentAnglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society
The Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society was established
by an agreement between the British and German governments after a state visit
to Britain by the late President Heinemann, and incorporated by Royal Charter in
1973. Funds were initially provided by the German government; since 1979 both
governments have been contributing.
The Foundation aims to contribute to the knowledge and understanding of
industrial society in the two countries and to promote contacts between them.
It funds selected research projects and conferences in the industrial, economic
and social policy areas designed to be of practical use to policy-makers.
Titles include:
Bernhard Blanke and Randall Smith (editors)
CITIES IN TRANSITION
New Challenges, New Responsibilities
John Bynner and Rainer K. Silbereisen (editors)
ADVERSITY AND CHALLENGE IN LIFE IN THE NEW GERMANY AND
IN ENGLAND
Maurie J. Cohen (editor)
RISK IN THE MODERN AGE
Social Theory, Science and Environmental Decision-Making
Dagmar Ebster-Grosz and Derek Pugh (editors)
ANGLO-GERMAN BUSINESS COLLABORATION
Pitfalls and Potentials
Rainer Emig (editor)
STEREOTYPES IN CONTEMPORARY ANGLO-GERMAN RELATIONS
Karen Evans, Martina Behrens and Jens Kaluza
LEARNING AND WORK IN THE RISK SOCIETY
Lessons for the Labour Markets of Europe from Eastern Germany
Stephen F. Frowen and Jens Hölscher (editors)
THE GERMAN CURRENCY UNION OF 1990
A Critical Assessment
Stephen F. Frowen and Francis P. McHugh (editors)
FINANCIAL COMPETITION, RISK AND ACCOUNTABILITY
British and German Experiences
Jens Hölsher (editor)
50 YEARS OF THE GERMAN MARK
Essays in Honour of Stephen F. Frowen
Eva Kolinsky (editor)
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION AND THE FAMILY IN
POST-COMMUNIST GERMANY
Mairi Maclean and Jean-Marc Trouille (editors)
FRANCE, GERMANY AND BRITAIN
Partners in a Changing World
William J. V. Neill and Hanns-Uve Schwedler (editors)
URBAN PLANNING AND CULTURAL INCLUSION
Lessons from Belfast and Berlin
Howard Williams, Colin Wight and Norbert Kapferer (editors)
POLITICAL THOUGHT AND GERMAN REUNIFICATION
The New German Ideology?
Rüdiger Wink (editor)
ACADEMIA–BUSINESS LINKS
European Policy Strategies and Lessons Learnt
Anglo-German Foundation
Series Standing Order ISBN 0–333–71459–8
(outside North America only)
You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order.
Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with
your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above.
Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS, England
Academia–Business Links
European Policy Strategies and Lessons Learnt
Edited by
Rüdiger Wink
Selection and editorial matter © Rüdiger Wink 2004
Individual chapters © Contributors 2004
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004 978-1-4039-3664-6
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90
Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the
authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
First published 2004 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
Companies and representatives throughout the world
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom
and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European
Union and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-4039-3665-3 ISBN 978-0-230-55485-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230554856
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Academia-business links: European policy strategies and lessons learnt /
edited by Rüdiger Wink.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Industry and education–Europe. 2. Higher education and state–Europe.
I. Wink, Rüdiger.
LC1085.4.E85A263 2004
338.4´3378–dc22 2003069641
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04
Contents
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
Notes on the Contributors x
1 Academia–Business Interactions in Europe: 1
An Introduction
Rüdiger Wink
Part I The Changed Environment of Universities
2 Spin-offs, Start-ups and Networks in UK Universities 11
Douglas Hague
3 Are Research Spin-offs a Local Phenomenon? 28
Empirical Findings from Germany
Jürgen Egeln, Sandra Gottschalk, Christian Rammer and
Alfred Spielkamp
4 Academia and Business: Links and Lags in Spain 48
Javier Alfonso-Gil and Antonia Sáez-Cala
5 Measuring and Funding the ‘Third Mission’: The UK 74
Policy Debate
Jordi Molas-Gallart
6 The Role of Intellectual Property Rights Regimes for 90
R&D Cooperation between Industry and Academia
Ulrich Blum and Simone Müller
Part II Academia–Business Linkages and Industrial
Development
7 Why Invest in Biotechnology? German and British 107
Biotechnology Policy Compared
Rebecca Harding
8 Geographical Proximity and Circulation of Knowledge 137
through Inter-Firm Cooperation
Delphine Gallaud and André Torre
v
vi Contents
9 Evaluating the Future Impact of New Technologies: 159
The Case of Biophotonics in Germany
Michael Kraus and Guido Benzler
10 The Matrix INT (Instruments and Needs of Technology) 168
and the Evaluation of Innovation Policies
Riccardo Cappellin
Part III Academia–Business Linkages and the Regional
Dimension
11 The Territorial Development of Innovation Support 197
Assets through University–Business Interactions:
Towards a Dynamic Model
Paul Benneworth and Stuart Dawley
12 Regional Innovation System Barriers and the Rise of 224
Boundary-Crossing Institutions
Phil Cooke
13 Universities as Hubs to Global Knowledge Pipelines? 246
A Strategy-Focused Perspective on Regional University
Policies
Rüdiger Wink
14 Enlarging the Scale of Knowledge and Innovation 263
Networks: Theoretical Perspectives, Methodological
Approaches and Policy Issues
Riccardo Cappellin and Michael Steiner
Index 287
List of Figures
6.1 The cube of instruments 92
6.2 The cube of institutional arrangements 93
6.3 Basic types of market uncertainty 95
6.4 Classification of quality characteristics 96
6.5 Agency problem 99
6.6 New regulation of intellectual property rights 101
9.1 Biophotonic at the cross-section of technologies 161
9.2 Limiting factors in biophotonics 162
9.3 Expected growth in biophotonics staff 163
9.4 Contribution of biophotonics to overall turnover 164
10.1 The combination of three dimensions in the design 170
of innovation policies
10.2 The profile of individual industries/technologies, 176
firms and regions
10.3 Four decision-making models 177
10.4 The approach of the Matrix INT 181
10.5 From case-study characteristics to innovation 183
policy instruments
10.6 Shift to a new profile within the regions– 187
technologies–firms space
11.1 The dual innovation spin-off loop in 201
knowledge-intensive business services
vii
List of Tables
3.1 Survey on start-ups in knowledge-intensive 32
industries in Germany
3.2 Distribution of all start-ups, start-ups in 33
knowledge-intensive industries, public research
spin-offs, and incubators of public research spin-offs
by type of region
3.3 Distribution of public research spin-offs by distance 34
to their incubator
3.4 Determinants of spin-offs’ decision to leave the 37
incubator’s region
3.5 Negative binomial regressions for determinants of 42
the number of start-ups in German regions 1996–2000
4.1 Technology balance of payments in oecd countries 52
4.2 Total R&D personnel 53
4.3 R&D expenditures 54
4.4 High-tech exports and income and payments by 56
licences in EU countries
4.5 Patents requests, R&D staff and patents/R&D staff 59
ratio (1994–8)
4.6 R&D staff and reasons to develop projects within the 60
Spanish National Plan (2000–3)
4.7 R&D staff by Spanish regions (1994–2000) 62
4.8 R&D expenditures by Spanish regions (1994–2000) 63
7.1 The biotechnology policy framework in Germany 117
and Britain
7.2 Overall levels of science spending in Germany and 119
the UK
7.3 Total government budget allocations toR&D 120
7.4 Overview of different sources and modes of funding 121
for R&D in selected countries, 1999
7.5 University–industry policy priorities in Germany and 122
the UK
7.6 Attitudes towards university–industry links in 125
Germany and the UK
7.7 Regional clusters in Germany and the UK 129
viii
List of Tables ix
9.1 Summary of the relevant factors in the development 166
of technologies
10.1 Typologies of industries and factors influencing their 172
needs on learning
10.2 Typology of firms and factors influencing their needs 173
on learning
10.3 Typology of regions and factors influencing their 175
needs on learning
10.4 Policy-making approaches and instruments of 178
innovation policies
10.5 Problems and factors influencing needs of innovation 180
policies
10.6 MatrixINT: Comparison of two extreme cases 189
11.1 Size and formation date of firms interviewed in 207
the sample
11.2 Reasons for the company’s formation and company 207
sector
11.3 Number of firms at each sophistication level in the 207
sample
11.4 Range of innovation support organizations used by 209
novice innovators
11.5 Participation of inexperienced firms in particular 210
forms of mutual innovation support activity
11.6 Ways in which local universities benefited from their 212
linkages to experienced innovators
11.7 Firms’ contributions to universities’ innovation 216
process segmented by firm sophistication level
11.8 Types of ‘response’ required by universities to supply 219
technology transfer opportunities for firms at each
sophistication level
