Table Of ContentA G S
BOVE ROUND TORAGE
T O S
ANK IL PILLS
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A G S
BOVE ROUND TORAGE
T O S
ANK IL PILLS
Applications and Case Studies
Edited by
MERVIN FINGAS
Spill Science, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Contents
Listofcontributors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgment xxiii
Introduction xxv
Part 1 Preventative design and issues
1. Assessment of oilstorage tanksperformance containing
cracks and cavities 3
KazemRezaKashyzadeh,MostafaOmidiBidgoli,
SeyedSaeidRahimianKoloorandMichalPetru˚
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Varioustypesofoilstoragetanksandtheircomponents 4
1.2.1 Maincomponentsofanoilstoragereservoir 5
1.3 Commondefectsintheoilstoragetankandtheircauses 5
1.3.1 Corrosion 6
1.3.2 Cracking 9
1.4 Design,construction,technicalinspection,andrepairstandards 10
1.5 Methodsofdealingwithdefectdamagetopreventdecommissioning
ofstoragetanks 12
1.5.1 Diagnosisofdefects 12
1.5.2 Non-destructivemethodsofidentifyinglocationsandcorrosion
ratesintanks 12
1.5.3 Methodsfordealingwithcrackdefectsinoilstoragetanks 17
1.5.4 Creatingasuitablecoverfortheinnersurfaceofthetanks 18
1.5.5 Cathodicprotectioninsidetanks 19
1.6 Analysisoftankbehaviorwithdefects 21
1.6.1 Finiteelementsimulations 21
1.6.2 Taguchiapproach 27
1.6.3 Multipleregressiontechniques 32
1.6.4 Responsesurfacemethod 34
1.7 Conclusions 38
References 39
v
vi Contents
2. Wind effecton atmospheric tanks 43
AdrianaMesa-Gómez,Jean-PaulPinelli,OscarJ.RamirezandErnestoSalzano
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Historyofnaturaleventsaffectingindustrialequipment 44
2.2.1 Naturalhazards 46
2.2.2 Exposureandvulnerability 49
2.2.3 Risk 50
2.3 Storagetanksandstrongwinds 50
2.3.1 Strongwindsashazards 52
2.3.2 Atmosphericabove-groundtankscharacterization 53
2.3.3 Definitionofpossibleaccidentalscenarios 57
2.3.4 Structuralandnaturalhazardanalysis 60
2.3.5 Storagetanksfragilityanalysis 74
2.3.6 Storagetanksvulnerabilityanalysis 80
2.4 Conclusions 83
References 84
3. Seismicperformance of liquid storage tanks 89
MehranS.Razzaghi
3.1 Introduction 89
3.2 Seismicresponse 90
3.2.1 Hydrodynamiceffects 90
3.2.2 Responseofunanchoredtanks 93
3.2.3 Responseofanchoredtanks 95
3.3 Typicalfailuremodes 95
3.4 Shellbuckling 102
3.4.1 Analyticalsolutions 103
3.4.2 Dynamicbucklingassessment 104
3.5 Factorsaffectingtheseismicperformance 105
3.5.1 Geometricalspecifications 105
3.5.2 Therelativeamountofcontent 106
3.5.3 Stronggroundmotioncharacteristics 107
3.5.4 Fabricationqualityandimperfection 109
3.5.5 Corrosionandmaintenance 109
3.6 Seismicdesigncodes 111
3.6.1 Seismicperformancetarget 113
3.6.2 Mechanicalanalogy 113
3.6.3 Verticalseismiceffects 117
3.6.4 Anchoragecriteria 118
Contents vii
3.6.5 Freeboardrequirement 120
3.7 Fragilitybasedseismicperformanceassessment 122
3.8 Newhorizonsforfurtherdevelopments 125
3.9 Conclusions 126
References 127
4. Hurricane performance and assessment models 133
SabarethinamKameshwar
4.1 Introduction 133
4.2 Hurricanefailuremodes 134
4.2.1 Wind-inducedfailures 134
4.2.2 Stormsurgefailures 138
4.2.3 Wave-inducedfailures 141
4.2.4 Extremeprecipitationinducedfailures 143
4.3 Hurricaneperformanceassessmentmodels 144
4.3.1 Windload 144
4.3.2 Stormsurgeloads 147
4.3.3 Waveloads 150
4.3.4 Rainfallloads 151
4.4 Discussion 151
4.5 Summary 153
References 153
5. Tank design 159
ZhanLiu
5.1 Torque-freetheoryofrotatingthinshells 160
5.1.1 Geometricalcharacteristicsofgeneralrotatingthinshells 160
5.1.2 Geometriccharacteristicsofseveralcommonshells 161
5.1.3 Generalequationsofthetorque-freetheory 162
5.1.4 Applicationconditionsfortorque-freetheory 163
5.1.5 Applicationoftorque-freetheory 164
5.2 Theedgeproblem 166
5.2.1 Reasonfortheformationofdiscontinuousstress 166
5.2.2 Calculationmethodfordiscontinuousstress 166
5.2.3 Characteristicsandtreatmentsofdiscontinuousstress 168
5.3 Designofinnerpressurecylinder 169
5.3.1 Strengthcalculationofinternalpressurecylinder 169
5.3.2 Determinationofdesigntechnicalparameters 171
5.4 Designofinternalpressuresphericalshell 178
viii Contents
5.5 Designofinternalpressuredishedhead 179
5.5.1 Internalpressureconvexdishedhead 179
5.5.2 Internalpressureconeheadthicknesscalculation 185
5.6 Pressuretest 193
5.6.1 Pressurebearingtest 194
5.6.2 Airtightnesstest 197
5.7 Summary 198
References 198
6. On bucklingof oil storage tanksunder nearby explosions
and fire 199
LuisA.Godoy,RossanaC.JacaandMarianoP.Ameijeiras
6.1 Introduction 199
6.2 Areviewofselectedaccidentsinvolvingexplosionsandfireintank
farms 202
6.2.1 Casestudy:TheBayamonAccidentinPuertoRico,2009 202
6.2.2 Briefdescriptionofotheraccidents 204
6.2.3 Commonfeaturesofaccidentsandlessonslearned 210
6.3 Effectsduetoexplosions 212
6.3.1 Basicfeaturesofexplosionsaffectingnearbytanks 212
6.3.2 Evidencefromsmall-scaletestingofpressuresreachingatank 215
6.4 Modelingpressuresduetoexplosionsreachingatargettank 217
6.4.1 Simplifiedmodelsofpressuredistributionaroundtanksdueto
anearbyexplosion 217
6.4.2 Advancedmodelsofthesourceofanexplosionandits
consequencesontanks 218
6.5 Structuralbehavioroftanksunderimpulsiveloads 219
6.5.1 Computationalmodeling 219
6.5.2 Dynamicbucklingcriteria 220
6.5.3 Structuralbehaviorofopen-toppedtankswithawindgirder
underanexplosion 221
6.5.4 Effectsofexplosionsinverylargetanks 225
6.5.5 Dominoeffectsunderblastloads 228
6.6 Effectsduetofire 229
6.6.1 Introductiontofireeffectsintanks 229
6.6.2 Summaryofresultsfromsmall-scaletests 230
6.7 Modelingfireeffectsreachingatargettank 231
6.7.1 Simplifiedmodelsoftemperaturedistributionaroundtanks
duetoanearbyfire 231
6.7.2 Advancedmodelingoftemperaturedistributionaroundtanks
duetoanearbyfire 232
Contents ix
6.7.3 Maindifferencesbetweensimplifiedandadvancedmodels 235
6.8 Structuralresponseandbucklingunderthermalloads 238
6.8.1 Typesofanalysis 238
6.8.2 Thermalbucklingoftanks 239
6.8.3 Postbucklingbehavior 241
6.8.4 Othertankfeaturesthatmodifythestructuralresponse 244
6.8.5 Effectofmultiplesourcesoffire 245
6.8.6 Dominoeffectsunderfire 246
6.9 Areasforfurtherresearch 247
6.9.1 Testsonsmall-scaletanksunderthermalloads 247
6.9.2 Testsonsmall-scaletanksunderblastloads 247
6.9.3 Modelingtanksunderfire 248
6.9.4 Modelingtanksunderblastloads 248
6.9.5 Designrecommendations 248
6.9.6 Fragilityandriskassessment 249
Acknowledgments 250
Nomenclature 250
Acronyms 251
References 252
Appendix6.1:Summaryofcriticaltemperaturesfortankswithaconicalroof 257
Part 2 Case histories
7. The Ashland oil spill 263
JohnJoeckel
7.1 Incidentsummary 263
7.2 Background 265
7.3 Initialincidentandresponseactions 268
7.4 Findingsandlessonslearnedconcerningtheresponse 271
7.5 Drinking-waterresponseactions 275
7.6 Findingsandlessonslearnedwatersupplies 277
7.6.1 Contaminatedmarinedebris 278
7.7 Crisismanagementresponseactions 279
7.8 Crisismanagementfindingsandlessonslearned 281
7.9 Thetankthatfailed 283
7.10 Causesoftankfailurefindingsandlessonslearned 287
7.11 FollowupactivitiesandtheaftermathoftheAshlandoilspillincident 287
References 290
Furtherreading 290
