Abiotic Stresses in Wheat: Unfolding the Challenges

428 Pages·2023·16.403 MB·English

by  Mohd. Kamran Khan, Anamika Pandey, Mehmet Hamurcu, Om Prakash Gupta, Sait Gezgin

Abiotic Stresses in Wheat
Unfolding the Challenges
Edited by
Mohd. Kamran Khan
Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University,
Konya, Turkey
Anamika Pandey
Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University,
Konya, Turkey
Mehmet Hamurcu
Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University,
Konya, Turkey
Om Prakash Gupta
ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India
Sait Gezgin
Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University,
Konya, Turkey
Abiotic Stresses in Wheat
Unfolding the Challenges
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Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ Annu (209), Department of Molecular Biology, Biotech-
contributionsbegin. nology and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar, India
Saju Adhikary (131), Department of Agronomy, Bidhan
Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, Most. Waheda Rahman Ansary (195), Institute of
West Bengal, India Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE),
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural
Nadia Afroz (195), Institute of Biotechnology and
University, Gazipur,Bangladesh
Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Hirdayesh Anuragi (259), Tree Improvement Research,
Bangladesh ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi,
UttarPradesh, India
DishaAgarwal(247),DepartmentofBiosciences,Manipal
UniversityJaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Md.Arifuzzaman(15,141,329),DepartmentofGenetics
andPlantBreeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScience
Yamini Agrawal (247), Department of Biosciences,
and TechnologyUniversity, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Manipal UniversityJaipur,Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Tabinda Athar (273, 329, 393, 413), Faculty of Agri-
ZeeshanAhmad(393),MOEKeyLaboratoryofPlant-Soil
culture, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences,
Interactions,DepartmentofPlantNutrition,ChinaAgri-
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad,
cultural University, Beijing,China
Pakistan
SaifAlharbi(233),NationalCenterforAgricultureTech-
KousikAtta(1,95,131,357), DepartmentofPlantPhys-
nology, Life Science and Environment Research
iology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi
Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Tech-
Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
nology, Saudi Arabia
AnanyaBaidya(95,131),DepartmentofPlantPhysiology,
Mohammed Anwar Ali (131), Department of Crop
FacultyofAgriculture,BidhanChandraKrishiViswavi-
Physiology, Agriculture College (ANGRAU), Bapatla,
dyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
Andhra Pradesh, India
Aneesa Batool (393), Proteomics Laboratory, Division of
Fahad Alotaibi (233), National Center for Agriculture
Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of
Technology, Life Science and Environment Research
Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir,
Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Tech-
Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu andKashmir, India
nology, Saudi Arabia
VijendraS. Baviskar(161),Geneticsand PlantBreeding
Abdullah Alrajhi (233), National Center for Agriculture
Group,AgharkarResearchInstitute,Pune,Maharashtra,
Technology, Life Science and Environment Research
India
Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Tech-
nology, Saudi Arabia AnuragBera(339),DepartmentofAgronomy,Dr.Rajendra
PrasadCentralAgriculturalUniversity,Pusa,Bihar,India
Muhammad Ameen (393), Faculty of Agriculture,
InstituteofSoilandEnvironmentalSciences,University K.L. Bhutia (339), Department of Agril. Biotechnology
ofAgriculture Faisalabad,Faisalabad, Pakistan and Molecular Biology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central
Agricultural University,Pusa,Bihar, India
Mst.AnamikaAmzad(141),DepartmentofGeneticsand
PlantBreeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceand ChengChang(67),CollegeofLifeSciences,QingdaoUni-
Technology University,Dinajpur,Bangladesh versity, Qingdao,China
Anjali (259), Department of Plant Physiology, G.B. Pant Shukti Rani Chowdhury (357), Department of Plant
University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United
Uttarakhand,India States
xiii
xiv Contributors
Sri Sai Subramnyam Dash (95), Research Scholar, Mst.HasnaHena(15),DepartmentofGeneticsandPlant
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bidhan Breeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceandTech-
Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West nology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Bengal,India
Akbar Hossain (1, 95, 131, 357), Division of Agronomy;
Shreenivas A. Desai (161), Department of Genetics and DivisionofSoilScience,BangladeshWheatandMaize
Plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, Research Institute,Nashipur, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Dharwad,Karnataka, India
HuanHu(375),MicrobialResourcesandDrugDevelopment
Kapil Deswal (33, 283), Department of Botany and Plant Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, Life
Physiology,ChaudharyCharanSinghHaryanaAgricul- SciencesInstitute,SchoolofPreclinicalMedicine,Zunyi
tural University, Hisar, Haryana, India MedicalUniversity,Zunyi,GuizhouProvince,China
Yengkhom Linthoingambi Devi (95), Research Scholar, Ashal Ilyas (247), Department of Biotechnology, Invertis
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira University,Bareilly,UttarPradesh,India
Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh,
Md.RafiqulIslam(179),DepartmentofAgronomy,Ban-
India
gabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural Uni-
RajivDubey(339),DepartmentofAgronomy,RVSKVV- versity, Gazipur,Bangladesh
College of Horticulture, Mandsaur; Department of
Tofazzal Islam (15, 141, 179, 195), Institute of Biotech-
Agronomy, RVS Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior,
nologyandGeneticEngineering(IBGE),Bangabandhu
MadhyaPradesh, India
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University,
Debjani Dutta (1, 95), Department of Plant Physiology, Gazipur,Bangladesh
FacultyofAgriculture,BidhanChandraKrishiViswavi-
Sohana Jui (141), Department of Genetics and Plant
dyalaya, Mohanpur; School of Agriculture, Seacom
Breeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceandTech-
Skills University, Kendradangal, Birbhum, West
nology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Bengal,India
SnehashisKarmakar(1,95),DepartmentofPlantPhysi-
Mateja Germ (273), Biotechnical Faculty, University of
ology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi
Ljubljana,Ljubljana, Slovenia
Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur; School of Agriculture,
Sait Gezgin (273, 329, 393, 413), Department of Soil Seacom Skills University, Kendradangal, Birbhum,
Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, West Bengal, India
Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
Amit Kesarwani (339), Department of Agronomy, G.B.
FatmaGokmenYilmaz(329),DepartmentofSoilScience Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pant-
andPlantNutrition,FacultyofAgriculture,SelcukUni- nagar, Uttarakhand, India
versity, Konya,Turkey
AyeshaAzadKeya(15),DepartmentofGeneticsandPlant
K. Gopalareddy (161), ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat Breeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceandTech-
and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India nology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
AlishaGoyal(209),DepartmentofBotanyandPlantPhys- Mohd. Kamran Khan (141, 273, 329, 393, 413),
iology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural DepartmentofSoilScienceandPlantNutrition,Faculty
University, Hisar, Haryana; Division of Crop ofAgriculture, Selcuk University,Konya,Turkey
Improvement, ICAR—Central Soil Salinity Research
Manoj Kumar (259), Department of Plant Breeding and
Institute,Karnal, India
Genetics, Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture
Dinoo Gunasekera (297), Department of Information UniversityKota, Kota, Rajasthan, India
Technology, Faculty of Computing, General Sir
Mukesh Kumar (339), Department of Agronomy,
John Kotelawala Defence University, Sewanagala, Sri
Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University,
Lanka
Pusa, Bihar, India
MehmetHamurcu(141,273,329,393,413),Department
Pawan Kumar (259), Division of Crop Improvement,
of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agri-
ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner,
culture,SelcukUniversity, Konya, Turkey
Rajasthan,India
M. Hasanuzzaman (141), Department of Genetics and
Anita Kumari (209), Department of Botany and Plant
Plant Breeding, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science
Physiology,ChaudharyCharanSinghHaryanaAgricul-
and Technology University,Dinajpur,Bangladesh
tural University,Hisar, Haryana,India
Contributors xv
NitaLakra(209),DepartmentofMolecularBiology,Bio- SubhasisMondal (131),DepartmentofPlantPhysiology,
technologyandBioinformatics,CCSHaryanaAgricul- FacultyofAgriculture,BidhanChandraKrishiViswavi-
tural University,Hisar,India dyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
Haoyu Li (67), College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Uni- Md.Mosfeq-Ul-Hasan(141),ControllerSectionofExam-
versity, Qingdao, China inations,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceandTech-
nology University,Dinajpur,Bangladesh
Xiaolan Li (375), Microbial Resources and Drug Devel-
opmentKeyLaboratoryofGuizhouTertiaryInstitution, SoumikMukherjee(357),DepartmentofPlantPathology,
LifeSciencesInstitute,SchoolofPreclinicalMedicine, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur,
Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, West Bengal, India
China
Renu Munjal (33, 209, 283), Department of Botany and
Chengcheng Liao (375), Microbial Resources and Drug Plant Physiology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana
DevelopmentKeyLaboratoryofGuizhouTertiaryInsti- Agricultural University,Hisar, Haryana, India
tution, Life Sciences Institute, School of Preclinical
Zarin Mushrat (15), Department of Genetics and Plant
Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou
Breeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceandTech-
Province, China
nology University,Dinajpur,Bangladesh
Jianguo Liu (375), Microbial Resources and Drug Devel-
Aneta Myskova (247), Department of Analytical Chem-
opment Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution,
istry, University of Chemistry & Technology Prague,
Life Sciences Institute, School of Preclinical Medicine,
Prague, Czech Republic
ZunyiMedicalUniversity,Zunyi,GuizhouProvince,China
Sudhir Navathe (161), Genetics and Plant Breeding
Sagar Maitra (131, 339, 357), Department of Agronomy
Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maha-
and Agroforestry, Centurion University of Technology
rashtra, India
andManagement,Paralakhemundi,Odisha, India
Manoj D. Oak (51, 161), Genetics and Plant Breeding
SadiaMajeed(393),DepartmentofAgronomy,Facultyof
Group,AgharkarResearchInstitute,Pune,Maharashtra;
Agriculture, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur,
Savitribai Phule PuneUniversity,Pune,India
Bahawalpur,Pakistan
ApurbaPal(357),HorticultureCollege,Khuntpani,Birsa
HinaAhmedMalik(393),FacultyofAgriculture,Institute
Agriculture University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
ofSoilandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofAgri-
culture Faisalabad,Faisalabad, Pakistan AnamikaPandey(141,273,329,393,413),Departmentof
SoilScienceandPlantNutrition,FacultyofAgriculture,
Riffat Naseem Malik (313), Department of Environ-
Selcuk University,Konya,Turkey
mental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences,
Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Himanshu Pandey (259), Department of Biotechnology,
Quaid-i-Azam University,Islamabad, Pakistan Dr.YSP UHF Nauni,Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
Manorma (209), Department of Molecular Biology, Bio- Megha Panwar (259), Department of Plant Physiology,
technologyandBioinformatics,CCSHaryanaAgricul- G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,
tural University,Hisar,India Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
Mst. Salma Masuda (15, 329), Department of Genetics Ravindra Patil (51), Genetics and Plant Breeding Group,
andPlantBreeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScience Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra; Savi-
andTechnology University,Dinajpur,Bangladesh tribai Phule PuneUniversity, Pune, India
Meenakshi(209),DepartmentofMolecularBiology,Bio- Pravin Bhausaheb Pawar (161), Genetics and Plant
technologyandBioinformatics,CCSHaryanaAgricul- Breeding Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune,
tural University,Hisar,India Maharashtra,India
M.A.BasetMia(179),DepartmentofCropBotany,Ban- NiteshKumarPoddar(247),DepartmentofBiosciences,
gabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural Uni- Manipal UniversityJaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan,India
versity, Gazipur,Bangladesh BiswajitPramanick(339),DepartmentofAgronomy,Dr.
Udit Nandan Mishra (259), Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University,Pusa,
University,Cuttack, Odisha,India Bihar, India
Saptarshi Mondal (357), Department of Crop and Sankar Pramanick (1), Department of Plant Physiology,
Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, FacultyofAgriculture,BidhanChandraKrishiViswavi-
United States dyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
xvi Contributors
Most. Maria Haque Prodhan (141), Department of Shreya Sharma (247), Department of Biotechnology,
GeneticsandPlantBreeding, HajeeMohammadDanesh Invertis University,Bareilly, UttarPradesh,India
ScienceandTechnologyUniversity,Dinajpur,Bangladesh
AdityaPratapSingh(95),ResearchScholar,Department
Xiaokang Qian (375), Zunyi City Rural Development ofGeneticsandPlantBreeding,BidhanChandraKrishi
Service Center, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur,West Bengal,India
Umar Masood Quraishi (313), Department of Plant Sci- SanjayKumarSingh(161),DivisionofGenetics,ICAR-
ences, Quaid-i-Azam University,Islamabad, Pakistan Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New
Delhi, India
Hanuman Ram (259), Division of Crop Improvement,
ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner, Rajesh Kumar Singhal (259, 413), Division of Crop
Rajasthan, India Improvement, ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder
Research Institute,Jhansi,UttarPradesh,India
VineetaRana(33),DepartmentofBotanyandPlantPhys-
iology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural Aarti Soni (209), Department of Botany and Plant Physi-
University,Hisar, Haryana, India ology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural
University,Hisar,Haryana, India
Sudarshana Ranjan (259), Department of Plant Physi-
ology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Tech- Pooja Swami (33, 283), Department of Botany and Plant
nology,Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India Physiology,ChaudharyCharanSinghHaryanaAgricul-
tural University,Hisar, Haryana,India
Disna Ratnasekera (297), Department of Agricultural
Biology,FacultyofAgriculture,UniversityofRuhuna, NeveenB.Talaat(111),DepartmentofPlantPhysiology,
Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka Faculty ofAgriculture, CairoUniversity, Giza, Egypt
Reena (209), Department of Molecular Biology, Biotech- Ali Topal (329), Department of Field Crops, Faculty of
nology and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural Agriculture, Selcuk University,Konya, Turkey
University,Hisar, India
Mst. Tanjina Shahanaj Turin (15, 329), Department of
Mingjian Ren (375), College of Agriculture, College of GeneticsandPlantBreeding,HajeeMohammadDanesh
Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou ScienceandTechnologyUniversity,Dinajpur,Bangladesh
Province, China
Suhasini Venkatesan (51), Genetics and Plant Breeding
Qunli Ren (375), Microbial Resources and Drug Devel- Group,AgharkarResearchInstitute,Pune,Maharashtra;
opmentKeyLaboratoryofGuizhouTertiaryInstitution, Savitribai Phule Pune University,Pune, India
LifeSciencesInstitute,SchoolofPreclinicalMedicine,
Miao Wang (375), Microbial Resources and Drug Devel-
Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province,
opmentKeyLaboratoryofGuizhouTertiaryInstitution,
China
LifeSciencesInstitute,SchoolofPreclinicalMedicine,
Disha Roy (15), Department of Genetics and Plant Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province,
Breeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceandTech- China
nologyUniversity, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Qian Wang (375), Microbial Resources and Drug Devel-
Anjana Rustagi (413), Department of Botany, Gargi opmentKeyLaboratoryofGuizhouTertiaryInstitution,
College, New Delhi, India LifeSciencesInstitute,SchoolofPreclinicalMedicine,
Rahul Sadhukhan (1), MTTC & VTC, CAU (Imphal), Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province,
China
Selesih, Mizoram, India
Muhammad Saeed (313), Department of Environmental XiaoyuWang(67),CollegeofLifeSciences,QingdaoUni-
Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Environ- versity, Qingdao, China
mental Health and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Quaid- Devvart Yadav (33), Department of Genetics and Plant
i-Azam University,Islamabad, Pakistan Breeding,CCSHaryanaAgriculturalUniversity,Hisar,
Ajanta Sarker (15), Department of Genetics and Plant Haryana,India
Breeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceandTech-
Shengwei Yang (375), Zunyi Agricultural Science and
nologyUniversity, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Technology Research Institute, Zunyi, Guizhou
MaksudHasanShah(95,131),DepartmentofAgronomy, Province, China
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur,
Zige Yang (67), College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Uni-
Nadia, West Bengal, India
versity, Qingdao, China
Contributors xvii
K.J. Yashavanthakumar (161), Genetics and Plant University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology
Breeding Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir,
Maharashtra,India India
Hamza Yousaf (413), Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Mingsheng Zhang (375),College ofAgriculture, College
Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agri- of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang,
culture Faisalabad,Faisalabad, Pakistan Guizhou Province, China
Sajad Majeed Zargar (393), Proteomics Laboratory, PengfeiZhi (67), College of LifeSciences, Qingdao Uni-
Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir versity, Qingdao,China
Chapter 1
Wheat and abiotic stress challenges:
An overview
Debjani Duttaa,b,Snehashis Karmakara,b,⁎,AkbarHossainc,Rahul Sadhukhand, Kousik Attaa, and
Sankar Pramanicka
aDepartmentofPlantPhysiology,FacultyofAgriculture,BidhanChandraKrishiViswavidyalaya,Mohanpur,WestBengal,India,bSchoolofAgriculture,
SeacomSkillsUniversity,Kendradangal,Birbhum,WestBengal,India,cDivisionofSoilScience,BangladeshWheatandMaizeResearchInstitute,
Nashipur,Dinajpur,Bangladesh,dMTTC&VTC,CAU(Imphal),Selesih,Mizoram,India
*Correspondingauthor.e-mail:[email protected]
Introduction
Wheat(TriticumaestivumL.),thesecondmostimportantstaplecropinIndiaaswellasintheworld,deliversnutritionaland
dietarysecuritytobillionsoftheworldpopulation.Theglobalwheatproductionforthepastfewyearshasreachednew
heights with significant increaseinproduction, area,and productivity.Overthe last four decades,the wheat program in
India was very energetic, but it lacks satisfaction and the agenda requires to be more reactive toward the new evolving
challengesimposedbyabioticstresses.Besidestheincreasingglobalpopulation,thechallengesimpartedbyseveralabiotic
stresseshavebeencreatingagreathavocforworldwidewheatproductionandthuscausingobstaclestomeettheglobalfood
demand. The susceptibility of wheat crops to abiotic stresses is obvious from a considerable dip in wheat production to
86.53Mtonnes during 2014–15 owing to uneven rainfall, regarding the higher production of 95.85Mtonnes attained
forthedurationoftheprevious2013–14cropseason.Ontheotherhand,duringtheperiodofthenext2015–16cropyear,
Indiaproduced93.50Mtonnesofwheatgrain(Tiwarietal.,2017).Thoughduringthecurrentyears,thespeedofgenetic
improvementinproductivitydoesnotshowmuchmagnificencelikeinthepast,theunder-trialcultivarsarebeingdesigned
to support the demand for greater yield alongside the challenges enforced by a number of abiotic stresses, for instance,
water stress, temperature stress, heavy metal stress, andsalinity stress.
Theproductionofwheatismostlyaffectedbywaterstresses.Therearemainlytwotypesofwaterstress,i.e.,drought
stressandwaterloggingstress.Amongthese,droughtstressismostresponsibleforsignificantyieldlossinwheatanditmay
occurthroughoutthecrop-growingseason.Significantyieldlossoccurswhenwheatisexposedtodroughtstressduringthe
headingstage,butitshowsthehighestyieldlosswhenstressexposureoccursduringthereproductivestages(Tiwarietal.,
2015). Early-season drought at seedling stages in wheat decreases plant numbers/unit area and number of tillers/plants,
whereas mid-season (CRI to ear emergence) water-deficit stress reduces total biomass of crop, effective tiller number
aswellasgainnumber/spike,andlate-season(anthesistophysiologicalmaturity)orterminalwater-deficitstressenhances
theoxidativedamages(Abidetal.,2018;Sattaretal.,2020),thuslesseningthecurrentphotosynthesis,pollenfertility,and
grainyield(Tiwarietal.,2015).Ifnoirrigationhasbeengiventowheatcrops,theyieldlossesduetowaterstressofsome
wheatvarietiesinCentralIndiarangefrom11.6%to43.6%(Tiwarietal.,2015).Waterloggingistheconditionwhenthe
waterremainsstagnantonthesurfaceofthelandforaprolongedperiodorthefractionofavailablewaterinthesurfacelayer
ofsoilis,however,20%greaterthanthefieldcapacity(FC)ofthesoil.Thecropproductioninalmost4.5Mhacultivated
irrigatedlandinIndo-Gangeticregionsisadverselyaffectedbythewaterloggedcondition(CSSRI,1997).Mainlywhere
thesoilissodicandgroundwaterlevelishigh,asaresultofincreasednaturalcalamitieslikestormsandheavyrainfalls,
waterlogging is more prominent, thus causing serious problems inworldwide crop production.
Thoughtheoptimumtemperatureforpropergrowthanddevelopmentofcropsvarieswiththeprevalentagro-climatic
zoneswherethecropiscultivated,themostoptimumtemperatureconsideredforwheatcropsis21–24°C.InIndia,moreor
lesstotalwheatcultivatedareaexperiencesheatstress.Thoughthroughoutthecropseason,thepeninsularandcentralparts
experience heat stress, major parts of the northeastern and northwestern steppes experience terminal heat stress. That is
why,thefarmersintheseregionsfollowthetrendofearlysowingofwheatfortakingbenefitofresidualmoisturecontent
thathelpsprovidetoleranceofwheatcultivarstobothterminalandearlyheatstresses(MisraandVarghese,2012).Therise
AbioticStressesinWheat.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95368-9.00006-0
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