Table Of ContentAbd al-Qadir
and the Algerians
Portrait of Abd al-Qadir, reprinted from Enciclopedia Universal I lust rada
peo-Americana. Barcelona: José Espasa e Hijos Editores, 1907 (? )
Abd al-Qadir
and the Algerians
Resistance to the French
and Internal Consolidation
Raphael Danziger
Holmes & Meier Publishers
New York, London, 1977
Published in the United States of America 1977
by Holmes St Meier Publishers, Inc.
101 Fifth Avenue
New York, N.Y. 10003
Great Britain:
Holmes St Meier Publishers, Ltd.
Hillview House
1, Hallswelle Parade
Finchley Road, London NW11 ODL
Copyright © 1977 by Raphael Danziger
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Danziger, Raphael.
Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Algeria - History - 1830-1962. 2. 'Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhyl
al-Dln, amir, 18077-1883.
I. Title.
DT294.D33 965'.03 76-18061
ISBN 0-8419-0236-4
Printed in the United States of America
For Carla
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments ix
Note on Transliteration x
List of Abbreviations x
Introduction xi
Part I The Setting
1. Algeria under Turkish Rule 3
2. The French Expedition 36
3. The Making of an Amir S1
Part II Abd al-Qadir: The Years of Power
4. A Modest Beginning 71
5. Peace with the French and Internal Expansion 88
6. Interlude: Hostilities with the French 114
7. Renewed Peace and Further Expansion 137
8. The Organization of Abd al-Qadir’s State 180
9. Conclusion 212
Part III Epilogue
The War of 1839-1847 223
Appendices
I. The Official Desmichels Treaty, 26 February 1834 241
II. The Secret Convention, Early March 1834 246
III. The Official Treaty of the Tafna, 30 May 1837 248
IV. Bugeaud's Secret Commitments to Abd al-Qadir 256
V. The Unratified Convention of 4 July 1838 257
vii
vim Contents
VI. Chronology 261
VII. French Commanding Officers in Algeria:
1830-1839 266
VIII. Major Figures: Biographical Notes 267
Glossary 274
Selected Bibliography 278
Index 297
Maps
The Desmichels Treaty — between pp. 95 and 96
The Tafna Treaty — between pp. 157 and 158
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My doctoral work at Princeton University has been made possible by
the financial support of the University; a special University grant en
abled me to carry out the necessary research in France and in England.
I wish to thank Professor L. Carl Brown of the Department of
Near Eastern Studies for his patient and dedicated supervision of my
thesis. The continuing interest he has shown in my work has greatly
encouraged me.
During my brief visit to Israel before going to France, Professor
Pessah Shinar gave me both encouragement and helpful tips about the
problems involved in doing research in France.
M. Pierre Boyer, Conservateur-en-chef of the Dépôt des Archives
d*Outre-Mer in Aix-en-Provence, went far beyond the call of duty in
helping me to get acquainted with the archive. He and his dedicated
staff did much to make my stay in Aix an experience I shall always
remember with nostalgia. I am also grateful to the staffs of the other
archives and libraries in which I conducted my research.
During my stay in Paris, the following persons were kind enough
to share their expertise in North African history with me in informal
meetings: M. Mohammed H. Chérif; M. Marcel Emerit; M. René Gal-
lissot; M. Jacques Jurquet; Mme. Lucette Valensi; and M. Xavier Ya-
cono. M. Charles-Robert Ageron sent me useful comments in writing.
Professors Norman Itzkowitz, Amo J. Mayer, Robert L. Tignor,
and John R. Willis of Princeton University; I. William Zartman of New
York University; Stuart Schaar of Brooklyn College; and P.J. Vatikiotis
of the University of London read all or parts of the manuscript and
made many useful criticisms and suggestions.
My friend Michael Heyd was always willing to serve as a sounding
board for my ideas and helped me avoid numerous pitfalls. 1 am very
grateful to him, as I am to another friend, Boaz Shoshan, for his many
helpful comments.
Finally, my wife Carla has not only helped me with typing and
proofreading, but also given me constant encouragement with her
wonderful patience and never failing cheerfulness. Her partnership has
been essential for the completion of this study.
lx
Note on Transliteration
Names of places in North Africa have been rendered in their French
forms for the most part, with the exception of countries and major
towns, where the common English designations have been used. Only
French forms appear on the maps, some varying slightly from those
used in text.
Arabic names of persons and tribes and Arabic words have been
transliterated in accordance with the rules set forth in the Library of
Congress Cataloging Service, “Bulletin 49” (Washington, D.C., 1958);
the diacritical marks have, however, been dispensed with, as has the
mark 1 in ‘Abd (e.g., Abd al-Qadir). The names of persons and of tribes
whose Arabic spellings are unknown have been rendered according to
their spellings in the French sources. Arabic words appearing in Web
ster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language,
Unabridged (1971) have followed its spellings; in cases of alternate
spellings, the one closest to the rules of “Bulletin 49” has been chosen.
Words not designated in Webster's as foreign have not been italicized.
List of Abbreviations
AAE Archives (du Ministère) des Affaires Etrangères (Paris)
AGGA Archives du Gouvernement Général de l'Algérie, in Dépôt des
Archives d’Outre-Mer (Aix-en-Provence)
AHG Archives Historiques (du Ministère) de la Guerre (Vincennes)
AN Archives Nationales (Paris)
BN Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris)
NA National Archives (Washington, D.C.)
PRO Public Record Office (London)
x
