Table Of ContentABATEMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTANTS
TRENDS AND STRATEGIES
Edited by
P S
ARDEEP INGH
A K
JAY UMAR
A B
NWESHA ORTHAKUR
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Contributors
Mohd Aamir Center of Advanced Study in Shalini Gupta School of Environment and Sus-
Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu tainable Development, Central University of
University,Varanasi, India Gujarat,Gandhinagar,India
ArifAhamad SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences Deepak Gupta Institute of Environment &
(SES), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu
Delhi,India University,Varanasi,India
Assel I. Akhmetova Advanced Technologies GarimaKaushik DepartmentofEnvironmental
Center,Moscow,Russian Federation Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central Uni-
Rahul Bhadouria Department of Botany, Insti- versityofRajasthan, Ajmer,Rajasthan, India
tute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Razia Khan Department of Microbiology, Gir-
Varanasi, India; Department of Botany, Uni- ish Raval College of Science, Gujarat Univer-
versityofDelhi, Delhi,India sity,Gandhinagar,India
A.K. Bhatiya Department of Biotechnology, Zeenat Khan Environmental Genomics and
GLAUniversity,Mathura, India Proteomics Lab, BRD School of Biosciences,
Muhammad Bilal College of Biotechnology, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University,
Tianjin University of Science and Technology, VallabhVidyanagar,India
Tianjin,China Arvind Kumar State Key Laboratory of Cotton
Preetismita Borah CSIR-Central Scientific Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biol-
InstrumentsOrganisation,Chandigarh,India ogy, School of Life Science, Henan University,
Kaifeng,Henan,PRChina
Anwesha Borthakur Leuven International and
European Studies (LINES), Katholieke Uni- AjayKumar AgricultureResearchOrganization
versiteitLeuven,Belgium (ARO),Volcani Center,Rishon LeZion,Israel
Antra Chatterjee Molecular Biology Section, Cash Kumar Cytogenetics Laboratory, Depart-
Centre for Advanced Study in Botany, ment of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras
Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu HinduUniversity, Varanasi,India
University,Varanasi, India Manish Kumar CSIR-Central Scientific In-
Mohd Ashraf Dar Department of Environ- struments Organisation,Chandigarh,India
mental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Cen- Arun Kumar Bihar Agricultural University,
tral University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, Sabour,Bhagalpur, India
India
Sughosh Madhav School of Environmental
Pooja Devi CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Sciences (SES), Jawaharlal Nehru University,
Organisation,Chandigarh,India NewDelhi,India
Rajkumari Sanayaima Devi Deen Dayal P.K. Mishra Department of Chemical Engi-
UpadhyayaCollege(UniversityofDelhi),New neering and Technology, Indian Institute of
Delhi,India Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Vara-
Akanksha Gupta Institute of Environment & nasi,India
Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu
University,Varanasi, India
ix
x
CONTRIBUTORS
Virendra Kumar Mishra Institute of Environ- Rajesh Kumar Singh Department of Dravya-
ment & Sustainable Development, Banaras guna, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras
HinduUniversity, Varanasi,India HinduUniversity, Varanasi,India
Arpan Modi Agriculture Research Organiza- TriptiSingh DepartmentofBiotechnology,GLA
tion, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Devel- University, Mathura, India; Department of
opmentVolcani Centre,Rishon LeZion, Israel ChemicalEngineeringandTechnology,Indian
Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu Uni-
Dan Bahadur Pal Department of Chemical
versity), Varanasi, India
Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology,
Mesra,Ranchi,India Sandeep Kumar Singh Center of Advanced
Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras
Shilpi Pandey Department of Botany, Institute
HinduUniversity, Varanasi,India
of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Vara-
nasi,India VipinKumarSingh CenterofAdvancedStudy
Amit Kumar Patel Institute of Environment & in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi,India
Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu
University,Varanasi,India ManojKumarSingh DepartmentofChemistry,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz-
Vipul Patel Environment Management Group,
khas,India
Center for Environment Education, Ahmeda-
bad,India Rishikesh Singh Institute of Environment &
Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu
Bhawana Pathak School of Environment and
University, Varanasi,India
Sustainable Development, Central University
ofGujarat, Gandhinagar,India Gurudatta Singh Institute of Environment &
Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu
DeepakPathania DepartmentofEnvironmental
University, Varanasi,India
Sciences,CentralUniversityofJammu,District
Samba,India Raghwendra Singh Crop Production Division,
ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research,
Priyanka CytogeneticsLaboratory,Department
Varanasi, India
ofZoology,InstituteofScience,BanarasHindu
University,Varanasi,India Prashant Kumar Singh Agriculture Research
Organization, Ministry of Agriculture and Ru-
Bhadouria Rahul Department of Botany,
ral Development Volcani Centre, Rishon
UniversityofDelhi, NewDelhi,India
LeZion, Israel
Archana Rai Department of Molecular and
Pratap Srivastava Department of Botany, Insti-
Cellular Biology, Sam Higginbotom Institute
tute of Science, Banaras Hindu University,
of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences
Varanasi, India; Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
(SHIATS), Allahabad, India
Government Degree College, Phaphamau,
Amit Ranjan Department of Kayachikitsa Prayagraj,India
Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu
Akhileshwar Kumar Srivastava The National
University,Varanasi,India
Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-
Divya Singh Center of Advanced Study in Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva,
Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu Israel
University,Varanasi,India
Neha Srivastava Department of Chemical
Pardeep Singh Department of Environmental
Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute
Science, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, of Technology (Banaras Hindu University),
NewDelhi,India
Varanasi, India
xi
CONTRIBUTORS
Manita Thakur Department of Chemistry, Juan Francisco Villareal Chiu Universidad
Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Solan, Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Cien-
India cias Químicas, Laboratorio de Biotecnología.
Kangming Tian Department of Biological Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria,
SanNicolásdelosGarza,NuevoLeón,Mexico
Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin Wang Wenjing State Key Laboratory of Cotton
University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, Biology,HenanKeyLaboratoryofPlantStress
China Biology,School ofLife Science, Henan Univer-
Dhanesh Tiwary Department of Chemistry, sity,Kaifeng,Henan,China
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-BHU), Deepanker Yadav Department of Vegetable
Varanasi,India and Fruit Science, Institute of Plant Science,
Sachchidanand Tripathi Deen Dayal Upad- AgricultureResearchOrganization(ARO),The
VolcaniCenter,Rishon LeZion, Israel
hyaya College (University of Delhi), New
Delhi,India Igor V. Yaminsky Lomonosov Moscow State
Ruchita Tripathi Department of Dravyaguna, University,Moscow,RussianFederation
Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University,Varanasi, India
C H A P T E R
1
Bioremediation: a sustainable
approach for management of
environmental contaminants
1 2 3
Pardeep Singh , Vipin Kumar Singh , Rishikesh Singh ,
4 5 5
Anwesha Borthakur , Sughosh Madhav , Arif Ahamad ,
6 7 8
Ajay Kumar , Dan Bahadur Pal , Dhanesh Tiwary ,
9
P.K. Mishra
1Department of Environmental Science, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi,
India; 2Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, India; 3Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, India; 4Leuven International and European Studies (LINES), Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, Belgium; 5School of Environmental Sciences (SES), Jawaharlal Nehru
University, New Delhi, India; 6Agriculture Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center,
Rishon LeZion, Israel; 7Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology,
Mesra, Ranchi, India; 8Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-BHU),
Varanasi, India; 9Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of
Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
1. Introduction
Polluted soil resulting from industrial or agricultural processes poses serious health
hazards to humans and animals and thus can have damaging consequences on the
ecosystems by making land inappropriate for cultivation and other fiscal purposes. Various
industries such as carpet, textile, and petrochemical production create intensive problems in
thenaturalenvironmentbydisposingtoxicwastesononehandandgeneratingahugequan-
tity of waste, oily sludge, and petroleum waste enriched soil on the other hand, which
constitutes a major confront for hazardous waste management (Farhadian et al., 2008).
AbatementofEnvironmentalPollutants 1
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818095-2.00001-1 Copyright©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
2
1. Bioremediation:asustainableapproachformanagementofenvironmentalcontaminants
Apart from this, oil shipping is also one of the key causes of environmental contamination
where the land and water gets polluted because of the oil spill, ship breakage, and seepage
of oil pipelines.
Theeconomicallyviableandenvironmentallyfeasiblemanagementofindustrialsludgeis
amajorconcernworldwide.Fordisposalofindustrialsludge,globallyadoptedtechnologies
comprise of landfilling, high-temperature drying, sludge spreading on land surface,
lime added stabilization, burning, and composting. Because of excessive expenditure on
sludge management, the majority of textile industries in India generally released their
wastewater effluents in the farming fields, open dumps, fallow land, and ineffectively
controlledsanitarylandfillsandalongsidetherailwaytracks.Itfurthercontaminatesground-
water causing serious human health hazards. Meanwhile, low availability of landfill area,
rigorousnationalwastesdiscardingpolicy,andlocalpeopleawarenesshavecausedlandfill-
ing and land spreading highly costly and impractical. The sludge management practices
in most of the developing countries are not well developed. Currently, several factories
and municipalities are working on environment-friendly and low-cost sludge treatment
practices.Thus,itisimperativetomitigatetoxicenvironmentalcontaminantsforsustainable
development (Kümmerer et al., 2019).
A number of physical and chemical methods are currently being employed at large scale
for municipal wastewater management chiefly based on sewage treatment plants (STPs).
Inadditiontobuildingexpenses,upholdingtroublesintreatmentplantshasraisedthequery
of sustainability. Furthermore, surplus sewage sludge formed by these treatment plants
has posed more severe confines on release during the previous few decades (Vigueros and
Camperos, 2002). Several developing countries cannot meet the expense of construction of
STPs,necessitatingthedevelopmentofsomeeco-friendlyandeconomicallyfeasiblemachin-
ery for in situ wastewater management. Under such critical conditions, a few eco-friendly
techniques can resolve the limitations linked with secure and economically efficient
wastewater management machinery.
Bioremediation is an emerging and innovative technology because of its economic
feasibility, enhanced competence, and natural environment friendliness. The technology uses
various eco-friendly microbial processes to handle the ever-rising environmental pollution
problem.Insuchapproaches,microbesadjustthemselvesagainstnoxiouswastesandenviron-
mentallyadaptedmicrobialstrainsgrownaturally,whichsubsequentlyconvertawidevariety
of toxic chemicals into nontoxic forms. The microbial degradation of xenobiotics is based on
enzyme activities. It further includes rhizoremediation, phytoremediation (McCutcheon and
Jørgensen, 2008; Chang et al., 2009), and vermicomposting depending on the biological
activities involved. Phytoremediation is based on plant-assisted extenuation of pollutant
concentrations at the contaminated sites, whereas rhizoremediation includes the elimination
ofspecificpollutantsfromimpuresitesbythemutualinterfaceofplantrootsandappropriate
microbial flora (Rajkumar et al., 2012). Because bioremediation appears to be a promising
substitute to conventional cleanup machinery, extensive research is being carried out in this
field.Vermicompostingandvermifiltrationarenaturalwastemanagementproceduresrelying
on the utilization of worms to change organic wastes to form soil-enriching compounds
(Vettori et al., 2012). Domestic wastewater and industrial sludge management can be accom-
plished through these processes in a sustainable way (Benitez et al., 2002). In addition, a
substantial decrease in pathogens has been observed up to the end-products level.Therefore,
3
2. Applicationofbioremediationforenvironmentalpollutantscleanup
it can be securely used for land application. Biological methods have been reviewed and
acknowledged for remediation of environmental pollutant. In this chapter, we have tried to
focusontheapplicationofbiologicalmethodswhichwereusedforeffectivewastetreatment.
Several different strategies of bioremediation have also been discussed in later sections.
2. Application of bioremediation for environmental pollutants cleanup
In previous decades, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and indiscriminate resource
utilization by ever-increasing human population have increased the contamination of atmo-
sphere,landsurfaces,andgroundandsurfacewaters.Thewide-scaledegradationofnatural
resources constitutes a major threat to public health around the globe. Majority of contami-
nantsaffecting soil and water system are heavy metals, pesticides, petroleumhydrocarbons,
and large amountof toxic industrialeffluents. These xenobiotics of anthropogenic originare
recalcitrant in nature.
In the current scenario, restoration of degraded land, water, and soil system is only
possiblebysustainableandeco-friendlyprocesses.Amongthevariousrecentprocessesbeing
used for the abatement of environmental pollution, bioremediation is recognized as an
emerging methodology for the restoration of polluted environments. However, its ground
levelapplicabilityisrestrictedbecauseofdifferentclimaticfactors.Variousmicrobesdegrade
recalcitrant pollutants under aerobic or anaerobic conditions through complete mineraliza-
tion or cometabolism by using pollutants as their carbon sources. Bacteria and fungi have
been reported as favorable and potential candidates for both in situ and ex situ degradation
of organicpollutants present atcontaminated sites.Furthermore, themicrobes can begenet-
ically engineered for efficient degradation of environmental contaminants. Nevertheless,
extensive political and ethical concern restricts the wide-scale applicability of genetically
engineered organisms. The current biotechnological progress such as the use of proficient
microbial consortia, indigenous microbes, application of specific enzymes, biosurfactant,
and rhizoremediation are the new prospects in bioremediation technology. A schematic
representation of various methods and techniques applied for bioremediation of different
inorganic and organic contaminants has been illustrated in Fig. 1.1.
2.1 Bioremediation strategy for hydrocarbon contaminated water and soil
Bioremediationofhydrocarbonpollutedsoilsandgroundwaterusingbacteriahasgained
immense consideration recently. Bacteria can degrade a large number of toxic hydrocarbons
underbothaerobicandanaerobiccircumstances.Benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,andxylene
(BTEX) compounds are typical examples of hydrocarbons and are carcinogenic (de Graaff
et al., 2011) and neurotoxic in nature. Moreover, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
classifiedthesehydrocarbonsasprioritypollutantsrequiringstrictregulation.Whenorganic
contaminants such as BTEX are released into the environment (Jin et al., 2013), the function
and structure of the microbial communities are generally affected. Although significant
researches on biodegradation of BTEX components by bacteria (Li et al., 2012) have been
reported, however, most of the studies have concentrated on the degradation of only one
or two components by bacterial isolate (Table 1.1). Furthermore, it is recognized that the
4
1. Bioremediation:asustainableapproachformanagementofenvironmentalcontaminants
(A)
Bioremediation of
heavy metals
Biosurfactants Insitu Bio-
precipitation
Bio Metal uptake by
sor organism Biological B
ption anCde allgurliocsuiclt muraatle wriaaslste s sIumRlfamadtoeio brneiludizcualcitdtiioeon n iorestoratioEnhanced
n
InsituAs removal by Fe
oxides & microorganisms
(B)
Bioremediation techniques
Natural attenuation Biopile
u
sit
n- Enhanced Windrow E
I x
-s
Bioreactor itu
Land Farming
Bioslurping Bioventing Biosparging Phytoremediation
IPnoollrugtaannitc EDCs OPorlgluatnaicn t Xenob
io
tics
Arsenic
Dye
FIGURE 1.1
Different strategies (A) and methods (B) of bioremediation of various inorganic and organic
contaminants.
