A road for a promising future for China’s primates: The potential for restoration

2018·0.08 MB·

by  Chapman, Colin A

ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH
A road for a promising future for China’s primates: The
potential for restoration
ColinA.Chapman1,2,3,*
1DepartmentofAnthropology,McGillUniversity,MontréalQuébecH3A2T7,Canada
2WildlifeConservationSociety,BronxNewYork 10460,USA
3SectionofSocialSystemsEvolution,PrimateResearchInstitute,KyotoUniversity,Inuyama484-8506,Japan
ABSTRACT waslostgloballyandinthetropicsforestlossincreasedeach
China is one of the most dynamic countries of year (Hansen et al., 2013). To put this in perspective, this
areaisapproximatelythesizeofMexico. Globalestimatesof
the world and it shelters some amazing levels of
theextentofwildlifeover-exploitationareverypoor. However,
biodiversity, including some very special primate
Bennettetal. (2000)estimatedthatsixmillionmammalswere
species. However, primarily as a result of forest huntedannuallyinMalaysianBorneo. Withrespecttoclimate
loss, most of which occurred in historical times, change, temperatures are predicted to increase by 1.5 ◦C by
approximately 70% of China’s primate species have theendofthe21stcentury(IPCC,2014)andusingmoderate
greenhouse gas emission estimates, it is projected that by
less than 3 000 individuals. Here I evaluate one
210075%ofalltropicalforestspresentin2000willexperience
road for future conservation/development that could
temperatures that are higher than the temperatures presently
produce very positive gains for China’s primates;
supportingclosedcanopyforests(Peresetal.,2016;Wrightet
namelyforestrestoration. Iarguethatforalargescale al.,2009).
restorationprojecttobepossibletwoconditionsmust China follows some of these patterns, but many aspects
be met; the right societal conditions must exist and how China has changed are unique; they represent different
challenges and most importantly different opportunities. For
therightknowledgemustbeinhand. Thisevaluation
example, since 2000, China’s Gross Domestic Product has
suggeststhattherestorationofnativeforesttosupport
increasedbyapproximately270%andChinaisnowtheworld’s
many of China’s primates holds great potential to
largesteconomy(Ahrendsetal.,2017). Theeconomyhasto
advanceconservationgoalsandtopromoteprimate support a population approaching 1.4 billion people (Deng et
populationrecovery. al.,2015;Wei&Ye,2014). Boththeeconomicandpopulation
growthhavecomeatanenvironmentalcost.Itisestimatedthat
Keywords: Conservation; Forest restoration; Chinahaslostbetween1.9and2.7millionkm2 ofitsoriginal
Regeneration;Primatepopulationdynamics forest in the last 2 000 years (based on models of habitat
suitability;Ahrendsetal.,2017);thisisanareaapproximately
INTRODUCTION
the size of the Democratic Republic of Congo. This has cost
China in terms of primate diversity and population size. At
The world is changing rapidly and China represents one of
leastthreespecieshavebeenextirpatedfromChina(Pygathrix
the most dynamic countries on earth and it shelters some
nemaeus,Hylobateslaryunnanensis,Nomascusleucogenys)
amazinglevelsofbiodiversity(i.e.,>30000speciesofvascular
plants (behind only Brazil and Colombia), ~2 340 species of
terrestrialvertebrates(Liuetal.,2003)). Globally, biodiversity
is being lost at an accelerating rate, with current extinction Received:31October2017;Accepted:25December2017;Online:09
ratesapproximately1000timeshigherthanbackgroundrates March2018
(Pimmetal.,2014). Recentestimatessuggestthat11000–58
Foundationitems:SupportedbytheCanadaResearchChairsProgram,
000 species are lost each year and that surviving vertebrate
theNaturalScienceandEngineeringResearchCouncilofCanada,and
species have declined in abundance by 25% since 1970
(Dirzo et al., 2014). Humans are clearly responsible for this KyotoUniversity
acceleratinglossofbiodiversity,includingtheendangermentof *Correspondingauthor,E-mail:[email protected]
primates. Between 2000 and 2012, 2.3 million km2 of forest DOI:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.032
244 SciencePress ZoologicalResearch39(4):244–248,2018
and the Hainan (Nomascus hainanus) and Cao-vit gibbons than2500reservescovering1.6millionkm2(thisareaincludes
(Nomascusnasutus)willalmostcertainlynotseetheturnofthe 17.1%ofthecountry,whichisapproximatelythesizeofIranor
century without very effective conservation action (Fan, 2017; twice the state of Texas). Lastly, over the last two decades
Turvey et al., 2017). Gibbons were once found from Xi’an in there has been a large movement of people from rural areas
central China east to Shanghai and all the way south to the (i.e.,nexttothereserveswhereChina’sprimatesarefound)to
border(Fan,2017; Turveyetal.,2017; Zhou&Zhang,2013); thecities.Infact,theurbanizationraterosefrom17.9to52.6%
now they are isolated in a few forest fragments to the south. between1978and2012andcurrentlymorethanhalfofChina’s
Even orangutans were found in southern China only 12 500 populationliveincities(Dengetal.,2015).
yearsago(Hussonetal.,2009;Steiper,2006),buttheyareno Intermsoftherightsocietalconditionstomakerestoration
longerfoundonmainlandAsia. Arecentanalysisconsidering possible, an area still requiring a great deal of effort is
22 of the 27 primate species in China (Fan & Ma, 2018) that of hunting. In many areas of southern China, where
suggeststhat15ofthespecieshavelessthan3000individuals forest cover is still substantial, primate populations can be
and that 81% of the populations of all Chinese primates are dramatically reduced because of hunting (Harrison et al.,
declining(Estradaetal.,2017).Thesesortsofstatisticsclearly 2016). Even though some primates have Class I Protected
indicatethatChinahaslostagreatdealofgroundinthebattle AnimalsintheChineseWildlifeConservationLawandhunting
to conserve its biodiversity, but they also illustrate that China gunshavebeenoutlawedandconfiscated, illegalhuntingstill
hasgreatpotentialintermsofprimateconservation. frequently occurs as it has been a traditional practise that is
Theobjectiveofthisopinionarticleforthisspecialissueon promoted by poverty in local communities, the use of wildlife
Primates and Primatology in China is to evaluate one road for medicinal uses, and poor knowledge and enforcement of
for future conservation/development that could produce very the laws (Fan et al., 2014). For example, in south-west
positive gains for China’s primates; namely forest restoration. Guangxi Province, Francois’ langur (Trachypithecus francoisi)
There is clearly the need for restoration, as many of China’s populations declined by 90% between the early 1980s and
primates are only found in small isolated forests; thus early 2000s, at which time the total population size was
expanding their habitat and connecting fragments is clearly estimated to be only approximately 300 individuals found in
vitallyneeded. 14isolatedpopulations. Theresearchersconductingthelater
survey concluded that the primary threat to the langur was
MAKING RESTORATION A VIABLE CONSERVATION
hunting,primarilyfortraditionalmedicine(Lietal.,2007).
STRATEGY
The second requirement is that the knowledge must be
available to effectively carry out a large restoration projects.
For a large scale restoration project to be possible two
Globally,thereareonlyahandfulofstudiesabouttheresponse
conditions must be met. First, there must be the right
ofprimatecommunitiestoforestregeneration;however,these
societal conditions to make restoration possible and second
studies suggest that forests, and the primate community they
the knowledge must be in hand to carry out such projects.
support, can rebound very rapidly when left to recover or
In terms of the societal conditions, it appears that the
encouraged to recover. For example, Baya & Storch (2010)
timing is right for restoration projects. In November 1988,
surveyed a site in Korup National Park, Cameroon that was
government of China enacted the "Law of the People’s
abandoned 7–8 years previously and found populations of all
Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife" to facilitate
eight species of diurnal primates that occur in the region; in
the protection and management of wildlife. This law is
addition, sighting frequency in this recovering area was not
the first truly comprehensive law to protect wildlife in China.
significantly different from other sectors of the park (Linder,
However, since 1998, the Chinese government has enacted
2008). InKibaleNationalPark,Uganda,sevenyearsafteran
several national biodiversity conservation regulations, such
areaofgrasslandwasreplantedwithtreesaspartofacarbon
as the Natural Forest Protection Project and Ecological
offset program (Omeja et al., 2012), all species of diurnal
ForestCompensation, whichhavebeeneffectiveinimproving
primateswerepresentinhighnumbers,includingendangered
environmentalconditionsinmanyareas(Renetal.,2015;Xuet
redcolobusand chimpanzee. Suchstudies givehopeforthe
al.,2009). Governmentfinancingforprotectedareashasalso
future.
increasedfollowingthelaunchoftheWildlifeConservationand
WithinChinaagreatdealofresearchhasaccumulatedover
NatureReserveConstructionProjectandtheSpecialFundfor
the last two or so decades that provides exactly the type of
CapacityBuildingofNational-LevelNatureReserves. Chinais
informationneededforrestoration/conservationefforts.Tostart
investingsubstantiallyinreforestationandtreeplantingefforts
such efforts accurate information on the state of the species
and this has totalled more than US$ 100 billion in the past
to be targeted must be known. There is extensive survey
decade alone (Ahrends et al., 2017; Li et al., 2013; Viña
information on the current size and threats to the country’s
et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2000; Zhang, 2015). China now
primates (e.g., Chen et al., 2015; Cui et al., 2016). The
has theworld’s largestplantation area(approx. 800000 km2
synthesis of this information will be vital in determining the
(approximatelythesizeofMozambique,Ahrendsetal.,2017).
locationstobeprioritizedinrestorationefforts;however,other
Atthesametime,Chinaistryingtoreducepressuresonnatural
localaspects,suchasthewillingnessofthelocalpopulationto
foreststhroughstrictbansonlogginginprimaryforestsanda
participate in restoration and to not hunt primates must also
massiveexpansionofitsforestreservestoacurrenttotalmore
ZoologicalResearch39(4):244–248,2018 245
be considered. Next, information must be available on the reforestationeffortsonaverylargescale.
habitat requirements of the species targeted for help from a
CONCLUSION
forest restoration project and again, there are many detailed
projects focusing on primate habitat use (Fan et al., 2009,
Primatesareverycharismaticandaregenerallylikedbyboth
2012; Guo et al., 2008; Li & Rogers, 2006; Liu et al., 2013).
theChinesepeopleandinternationalgroups,thustheycanact
Of particular importance if the restorationproject is to involve
as“Flagship”or“GuardianAngel”speciestopromotethevalue
activereplantingoftreesisdetailedinformationonthedietof
of restoring these lands to a native forest (Bicca-Marques &
the primates. With this information, either the food trees of
De Freitas, 2010; Simberloff, 1998). It is my opinion that this
theanimalscanbeplanted, orspecieswithsimilarnutritional
is an exciting time to integrate restoration into conservation
traitscanbeusedintherestorationeffort. Therehavebeena
strategies to make informed and effective conservation and
numberofhighqualitystudiesdoneonthenutritionalecology
managementdecisionsfortheprimatesofChina.
ofChina’sprimates(e.g.,Liuetal.,2013;Maetal.,2017;Hou
et al., 2018). To make restorations efforts more effective, it COMPETINGINTERESTS
is critical to understand the severity and geographical nature
of threats to primates in China other than habitat loss (e.g., Theauthorsdeclarethattheyhavenocompetinginterests.
live capture for trade, bushmeat, and tourism; Li et al., 2003;
AUTHORS’CONTRIBUTIONS
Xia et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2007; Zhu et al., 2013). In
addition, information on conservation genetics is needed to
C.C.investigatedandwrotethemanuscript, buthebenefitedfromtalking
determine the nature of corridors that can allow population
tomanyfriendsandcolleaguesatthe2017ChinaPrimatologicalSocietyin
mixing(Liuetal.,2015).Withrespecttoconservationgenetics,
Xi’an.
information concerning past interpopulational gene flow and
landscape barriers on both short (e.g., satellite and aerial ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
photography)andlongtimeframes(e.g., riverbarriers), while
rare (but see Wang et al., 2017), will be particularly valuable IwouldliketothankRongHouandPeng-FeiFanforhelpfulcommentson
indeterminingthedispersalcapabilitiesofprimatesrelativeto themanuscript.
differenttypesofbarriersandcanbeusedtoprovideguidance
REFERENCES
astothenatureofcorridorsthatcanbeconstructedtofacilitate
populationmixing(Guoetal.,2010;Wangetal.,2015,2017).
AhrendsA,HollingsworthPM,BeckschäferP,ChenHF,ZomerRJ,ZhangLB,
WangMC,XuJC.2017.China’sfighttohalttreecoverloss.Proceedingsof
WHAT REMAINS TO BE DONE FOR RESTORATION IN
CHINA theRoyalSocietyB:BiologicalSciences,284(1854):20162559.
Baya L, Storch I. 2010. Status of diurnal primate populations at the
While this existing information is extremely valuable, what formersettlementofadisplacedvillageinCameroon.AmericanJournalof
is lacking is data specific to restoration efforts and studies
Primatology,72(7):645–652.
documenting behavioral patterns and responses of primates
Bennett EL, Nyaoi A, Sompud J. 2000. Saving Borneo’s bacon: the
to the regeneration of forests. For restoration projects to be
sustainabilityofhuntinginSarawakandSabah.In:RobinsonJG,BennettEL.
most effective, information on the survival strategies used in
HuntingforSustainabilityinTropicalForests.NewYork:ColumbiaUniversity
regeneratingforestsofallthemajorprimategroups,including
Press,305–324.
prosimians, macaques, colobines, and gibbons will be vital.
While this is a formidable task, it also represents an exciting Bicca-MarquesJC,DeFreitasDS.2010.Theroleofmonkeys,mosquitoes,
challengetoacademicsandUniversities;onewherethevalue andhumansintheoccurrenceofayellowfeveroutbreakinafragmented
ofresearchcanbeillustratedtothegovernmentandpublic. landscapeinsouthBrazil: protectinghowlermonkeysisamatterofpublic
What now remains to be done is to pull this societal health.TropicalConservationScience,3(1):78–89.
potential and information together to facilitate large-scale ChenYX,XiangZF,WangXW,XiaoW,XiaoZS,RenBP,HeCX,Sang
forest restoration efforts that is critically needed for primate CH,LiHS,LiM.2015.Preliminarystudyofthenewlydiscoveredprimate
conservation.SincesomanyprimatespeciesinChinaareonly species Rhinopithecus strykeri at Pianma, Yunnan, China using infrared
hanging on as small remnant populations that are often only
cameratraps.InternationalJournalofPrimatology,36(4):679–690.
composedofafewgroups(e.g.,thecaovitgibbonpopulation
CuiLW,LiYC,MaC,ScottMB,LiJF,HeXY,LiDH,SunJ,SunWM,Xiao
isestimatedtoonlyinvolve18groupsoccupyingforestpatches
W.2016.DistributionandconservationstatusofShortridge’scappedlangurs
of only 2 000 hm2 with only 3–4 groups in China (Fan et
TrachypithecusshortridgeiinChina.Oryx,50(4):732–741.
al.,2011))theonlywaytoeffectivelypromoteconservationof
Deng XZ, Huang JK, Rozelle S, Zhang JP, Li ZH. 2015. Impact of
theseprimatesinthewildisthroughrestoration.Thiswilllikely
requiresomesortofwellfinancedcoordinatingagencythatis urbanizationoncultivatedlandchangesinChina.LandUsePolicy,45:1–7.
able to rally national and international scholars, conservation Dirzo R, Young HS, Galetti M, Ceballos G, Isaac NJB, Collen B. 2014.
organizations, government agencies, and the public to first DefaunationintheAnthropocene.Science,345(6195):401–406.
provided the needed scientific information and then to use EstradaA,GarberPA,RylandsAB,RoosC,Fernandez-DuqueE,DiFiore
this information to promote both natural regeneration and A, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, Heymann EW, Lambert JE, Rovero F, Barelli
246 www.zoores.ac.cn
C,SetchellJM,GillespieTR,MittermeierRA,ArregoitiaLV,deGuineaM, François’langurTrachypithecusfrancoisiinGuangxiProvince,China.Oryx,
Gouveia S, Dobrovolski R, Shanee S, Shanee N, Boyle SA, Fuentes A, 41(1):38–43.
MacKinnon KC, Amato KR, Meyer ALS, Wich S, Sussman RW, Pan RL, LiYB,LiWJ,ZhangCC,FanMM.2013.Currentstatusandrecenttrendsin
KoneI,LiBG.2017.Impendingextinctioncrisisoftheworld’sprimates:why financingChina’snaturereserves.BiologicalConservation,158:296–300.
primatesmatter.ScienceAdvances,3(1):e1600946. LiZY,RogersME.2006.Fooditemsconsumedbywhite-headedlangursin
Fan PF, Ma C. 2018. Extant primates and development of primatology in Fusui,China.InternationalJournalofPrimatology,27(6):1551–1567.
China: publications, student training, and funding. Zoological Research, LinderJM.2008.TheImpactofHuntingonPrimatesinKorupNationalPark,
39(4):249–254. Cameroon: Implications for Primate Conservation. Ph.D. thesis. The City
FanPF,NiQY,SunGZ,HuangB,JiangXL.2009.Gibbonsunderseasonal UniversityofNewYork,NewYork,376.
stress: the diet of the black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) on Mt. LiuJG,OuyangZY,PimmSL,RavenPH,WangXK,MiaoH,HanNY.2003.
Wuliang,CentralYunnan,China.Primates,50(1):37–44. ProtectingChina’sbiodiversity.Science,300(5623):1240–1241.
FanPF,FeiHL,ScottMB,ZhangW,MaCY.2011.Habitatandfoodchoice Liu XC, Stanford CB, Yang JY, Yao H, Li YM. 2013. Foods Eaten by
of the critically endangered cao vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) in China: theSichuansnub-nosedmonkey(Rhinopithecusroxellana)inShennongjia
implicationsforconservation.BiologicalConservation,144(9):2247–2254. nationalnaturereserve,China,inrelationtonutritionalchemistry.American
Fan PF, Fei HL, Ma CY. 2012. Behavioral responses of cao vit gibbon JournalofPrimatology,75(8):860–871.
(Nomascus nasutus) to variations in food abundance and temperature in LiuZJ,LiuGJ,RoosC,WangZM,XiangZF,ZhuPF,WangBS,RenBP,Shi
Bangliang,Jingxi,China.AmericanJournalofPrimatology,74(7):632–641. FL,PanHJ,LiM.2015.Implicationsofgeneticsandcurrentprotectedareas
Fan PF, Fei HL, Luo AD. 2014. Ecological extinction of the Critically forconservationof5endangeredprimatesinChina.ConservationBiology,
Endangerednorthernwhite-cheekedgibbonNomascusleucogenysinChina. 29(6):1508–1517.
Oryx,48(1):52–55. Ma CY, Liao JC, Fan PF. 2017. Food selection in relation to nutritional
FanPF.2017.Thepast,present,andfutureofgibbonsinChina.Biological chemistryofCaoVitgibbonsinJingxi,China.Primates,58(1):63–74.
Conservation,210:29–39. OmejaPA,ObuaJ,RwetsibaA,ChapmanCA.2012.Biomassaccumulation
Guo ST, Ji WH, Li BG, Li M. 2008. Response of a group of Sichuan in tropical lands with different disturbance histories: contrasts within one
snub-nosedmonkeystocommercialloggingintheQinlingMountains,China. landscape and across regions. Forest Ecology and Management, 269:
ConservationBiology,22(4):1055–1064. 293–300.
GuoST,JiWH,LiM,ChangHL,LiBG.2010.Thematingsystemofthe Peres CA, Emilio T, Schietti J, Desmoulière SJ, Levi T. 2016. Dispersal
Sichuansnub-nosedmonkey(Rhinopithecusroxellana).AmericanJournal limitation induces long-term biomass collapse in overhunted Amazonian
ofPrimatology,72(1):25–32. forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
HansenMC,PotapovPV,MooreR,HancherM,TurubanovaSA,Tyukavina StatesofAmerica,113(4):892–897.
A,ThauD,StehmanSV,GoetzSJ,LovelandTR,KommareddyA,EgorovA, PimmSL,JenkinsCN,AbellR,BrooksTM,GittlemanJL,JoppaLN,Raven
ChiniL,JusticeCO,TownshendJRG.2013.High-resolutionglobalmapsof PH,RobertsCM,SextonJO.2014.Thebiodiversityofspeciesandtheirrates
21st-centuryforestcoverchange.Science,342(6160):850–853. ofextinction,distribution,andprotection.Science,344(6187):1246752.
Harrison RD, Sreekar R, Brodie JF, Brook S, Luskin M, O’Kelly H, Rao RenGP,YoungSS,WangL,WangW,LongYC,WuRD,LiJS,ZhuJG,Yu
M, Scheffers B, Velho N. 2016. Impacts of hunting on tropical forests in DW.2015.EffectivenessofChina’snationalforestprotectionprogramand
SoutheastAsia.ConservationBiology,30(5):972–981. naturereserves.ConservationBiology,29(5):1368–1377.
Hou R, Chapman CA, Garber PA, Guo S, Li B. 2018. Dietary and SimberloffD.1998.Flagships,umbrellas,andkeystones: issingle-species
nutritional adaptions to extremes of northern-living by Rhinopithecus managementpasséinthelandscapeera? BiologicalConservation,83(3):
roxellana.AmericanJournalofPrimatology.(inpress) 247–257.
Husson SJ, Wich SA, Marshall AJ, Dennis RD, Ancrenaz M, Brassey R, Steiper ME. 2006. Population history, biogeography, and taxonomy of
GumalM,HearnAJ,MeijaardE,SimorangkirT,SingletonI.2009.Orangutan orangutans(Genus: Pongo)basedonapopulationgeneticmeta-analysis
distribution, density, abundanceandimpactsofdisturbance.In: WichSA, ofmultipleloci.JournalofHumanEvolution,50(5):509–522.
AtmokoSSU,SetiaTM,VanSchaikCP.Orangutans: GeographicVariation TurveyST,BryantJV,DuncanC,WongMHG,GuanZH,FeiHL,MaCY,Hong
inBehavioralEcologyandConservation.Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress, XJ,NashHC,ChanBPL,XuY,FanPF.2017.Howmanyremnantgibbon
77–96. populationsareleftonHainan?Testingtheuseoflocalecologicalknowledge
IPCC.2014.Climatechange2014:synthesisreport.Contributionofworking to detect cryptic threatened primates. American Journal of Primatology,
groupsI,IIandIIItothefifthassessmentreportoftheintergovernmental 79(2):e22593.
panelonclimatechange.In: CoreWritingTeam,PachauriRK,MeyerLA. ViñaA,McConnellWJ,YangHB,XuZC,LiuJG.2016.Effectsofconservation
Geneva,Switzerland:IPCC. policyonChina’sforestrecovery.ScienceAdvances,2(3):e1500965.
Li BG, Jia ZY, Pan RL, Ren BP. 2003. Changes in distribution of the Wang W, Qiao Y, Li S, Pan W, Yao M. 2017. Low genetic diversity and
snub-nosedmonkeyinChina.In:MarshLK.PrimatesinFragments:Ecology strongpopulationstructureshapedbyanthropogenichabitatfragmentation
andConservation.NewYork:Springer,29–51. inacriticallyendangeredprimate,Trachypithecusleucocephalus.Heredity,
Li YB, Huang CM, Ding P, Tang Z, Wood C. 2007. Dramatic decline of 118(6):542–553.
ZoologicalResearch39(4):244–248,2018 247
WangWR,QiaoY,PanWS,YaoM.2015.Lowgeneticdiversityandstrong YangDD,DaiXF,DengYP,LuWQ,JiangZG.2007.Changesinattitudes
geographical structure of the critically endangered white-headed langur towardwildlifeandwildlifemeatsinHunanProvince,centralChina,before
(Trachypithecus leucocephalus) inferred from mitochondrial DNA control and after the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak. Integrative
regionsequences.PLoSOne,10(6):e0129782. Zoology,2(1):19–25.
WeiYD,YeXY.2014.Urbanization,urbanlandexpansionandenvironmental ZhangL.2015.Specialsection:balancingconservationanddevelopmentto
changeinChina.Stochasticenvironmentalresearchandriskassessment, preserveChina’sbiodiversity.ConservationBiology,29(6):1496.
28(4):757–765. ZhangPC,ShaoGF,ZhaoG,LeMasterDC,ParkerGR,DunningJrJB,
Wright SJ, Muller-Landau HC, Schipper J. 2009. The future of tropical LiQL.2000.China’sforestpolicyforthe21stcentury.Science,288(5474):
speciesonawarmerplanet.ConservationBiology,23(6):1418–1426. 2135–2136.
XiaW,RenB,LiY,HuJ,HeX,KrztonA,LiM,LiD.2016.Behavioural Zhou YH, Zhang P. 2013. Distribution and vicissitude of gibbons
responsesofYunnansnub-nosedmonkeys(Rhinopithecusbieti)totourists (Hylobatidae)inChinaduringthelast500years.ActaTheriologicaSinica,
in a provisioned monkey group in Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve. Folia 33(3):258–266.(inChinese)
Primatologica,87(6):349–360. ZhuY,LiJH,XiaDP,SunBH,XuYR,WangX,ZhangD.2013.Potential
XuHG,TangXP,LiuJY,DingH,WuJ,ZhangM,YangQW,CaiL,ZhaoHJ, pathogentransmissionriskinnon-humanprimateecotourism:acasestudy
LiuY.2009.China’sprogresstowardthesignificantreductionoftherateof atMt.Huangshan,China.LifeScienceJournal,10(1):2754–2759.
biodiversityloss.BioScience,59(10):843–852.
248 www.zoores.ac.cn