Table Of ContentBLUMEA 39 (1994) 73-94
A revision of Ichnocarpus (Apocynaceae)
D.J.Middleton
DepartmentofBotany,Trinity College,Dublin 2, Ireland
Summary
The genusIchnocarpusisrevised. Atotal of 12species arerecognised,ofwhich onenewspeciesis
described. Threenewcombinations inIchnocarpusandoneinAnodendronaremade.Micrechites and
Lamechitesare treated assynonyms ofIchnocarpus.Nomina nuda and species exclusaehave been
givenaswellasanindex ofexsiccatae.
Introduction
ThegenusIchnocarpus was first describedbyR.Brown(1810) basedonthespecies
Apocynum frutescensL. Unfortunately Brownnever madethenecessary combination
to validatethespecific nameofIchnocarpus frutescenswhichwas doneby W.T.Aiton
a yearlater.Subsequently thenumberofspecies describedgrew rapidly withtheex-
ploration ofsouth-easternAsia. Thespecies ofIchnocarpus described fromAfrica
havesinceallbeenreferredtotheAsclepiadaceae.
Ichnocarpus was aconservednameagainst theearliernameQuirivelia Poir.How-
ever,thelattername is illegitimatemaking thenom.cons, superfluous.
Micrechiteswas firstdescribedbyMiquel in 1857basedonTabernaemontanapoly-
anthaBlumefromJava.Anumberof species werethendescribedfromtheHimalayas,
China,South-EastAsiaandNewGuinea.Although therehas beendifficultyinidenti-
fying specimens as eitherIchnocarpus orMicrechites, therehavebeen only alimited
numberofformaltransfers of species betweenthetwo. Markgraf(1927) described
Micrechites radicans basedonthetype ofIchnocarpus radicans Wall.nom. nud.,
Kerr(1939) transferredIchnocarpus pubiflorus toMicrechitesandLy (1986) trans-
ferred MicrechitesbailloniitoIchnocarpus. Ly (1986), however, also continuedto
recognise Micrechites andit was Forster (1992) who was thefirstto unitethetwo
genera,transferring thetypespecies ofMicrechites,M.polyantha (Blume) Miq.,to
Ichnocarpus and making two new combinationsin Ichnocarpus forthe Papuasian
species ofMicrechites.Heargued persuasively thattherewereno charactersor suites
ofcharacterswhichcouldsatisfactorily separate thetwo genera.
Papuechites novoguineensis (K. Schum.) Markgr. was originally describedas a
species ofMicrechites(Schumann, 1905). Markgraf(1927)transferred ittohisgenus
Papuechites onthebasisofits corona. However,examinationofthematerialofthis
species, andtheclosely relatedPapuechites wariana(Schltr.) Markgr., showthatthe
so-calledcoronaofbothspecies is actually simply athickening ofthecorollathroat
and very differentfromthesmallclearlydefinedcoronalobesofPapuechites aambe
74 BLUMEA Vol. 39, No. 1/2, 1994
(Warb.) Markgr., thetypespecies ofPapuechites. Theseeds ofPapuechites aambe
also have along beakreminiscentoftheseeds ofAnodendronwhicharequite dif-
ferentfrom the unbeakedseeds ofP. novoguineensis. Indeed,Papuechites novo-
guineensis shows aremarkablesimilarity toIchnocarpus archboldianus (Merr. &
L.M. Perry) P.I. Forst. BothP. novoguineensis andP. wariana are transferred to
Ichnocarpus.
Ichnocarpus hasbeenplaced invariousgroupsindifferentauthors' subclassifica-
tionsofthefamily. Bentham& Hooker(1876) constructedthetribeEchitideae with
the subtribeIchnocarpeae whichcontainedIchnocarpus, Apocynum andEpigynum.
Later, Hooker(1882) putIchnocarpus in hissubtribeEuechitideaewithalargenum-
berofothergenera.Pichon (1950) placed itinthetribeIchnocarpeae ofthesubfam-
ily Apocynoideae andTsiang &Li(1977) intheEcdysanthereae. BenthamandHooker
(1876) includedAganosma withinIchnocarpus anddivided thegenusintothreesec-
tionswithIchnocarpus as now delimited, assectionEuichnocarpus. Pichon(1950)
,
suggested each ofthese sectionswas aseparategenusandplaced eachin separate
tribesoftheApocynoideae. Ly (1986) also proposed acomplete subclassification of
theApocynaceae which differsfromPichon'ssystem in anumberofways. Within
the Apocynoideae he includedthetribes Alstonieaeand Holarrheneae, previously
includedinthePlumerioideae,and alteredtheothertribeswhichPichon recognised
quite considerably. However, my studies in the Apocynaceae donot bearout the
placement ofsomeofhis genera,particularlyinhis newtribeAnodendreae.He did,
however, combinePichon'sIchnocarpeae andEcdysanthereae, therebybringing to-
getherIchnocarpus andMicrechites intothesametribe,Ichnocarpeae. The classifi-
cationofthe Apocynoideae is stillinneedofreview.
Thegenusnowincludes 12species from Pakistan toVietnamandfromChinato
MalesiaandNorthernAustralia.
ThenameIchnocarpus derivesfrom theGreek for vestige andforfruit inrefer-
encetotheslenderfolliclesofIchnocarpusfrutescens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Herbariummaterialwas studied fromthefollowing herbaria:A, AAU, ABD,B,BH,
BK, BKF, BM, BR, BRI, C, CAL, CGE, E, FI, G, GH, IBSC, K, KEP, KUN,
L, LAE, LIV, M, MEL,MO, NY, OXF, P, PE, PSU, S, SING, TCD, TI, U, US,
W, WAG, Z.The measurements arefor driedmaterialexcept forstamen andovary
characters whichare based onflowers which have been rehydrated by boiling in
water.
ICHNOCARPUS
IchnocarpusR.Br.,On the Asclepiadeae (1810)50,apreprint ofMem.Wem. Soc. 1 (1811)61;
G.Don, Gen.Syst. 4 (1837) 78; A.DC., Prod. 8 (1844) 434; Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. PI. 2
(1876)717; K.Schum. in Engl. & Prantl,Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4, 2(1895) 178; Pichon, Mdm.
Mus.Nat. Hist. Nat. s6r.B, Bot. 1 (1950)102.—Ichnocarpussect.EuichnocarpusBenth. &
Hook, f.,Gen. PI.2(1876)717.—Typespecies: Ichnocarpusfrutescens(L.) W.T.Aiton.
Quirivelia Poir. in Lam.,Encycl. 4(1804)42,nom. illeg.
D.J.Middleton: Revision ofIchnocarpus 75
SpringiaMiill.Arg. in VanHeurck, Obs. Bot.PI.Nov. (1871)142. Typespecies: Springiain-
dicaMiill.Arg. (=I.frutescens).
OtopetalumMiq.,Fl.Ind.Bat. 2(1857)400. —Typespecies:OtopetalummicranthumMiq. (= I.
serpyllifolius).
Micrechites Miq.,Fl.Ind.Bat. 2(1857)457;Benth.& Hook,f.,Gen. PI.2(1876)714; K.Schum.
in Engl.& Prand,Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4, 2(1895) 163;Pichon,M6m.Mus.Nat. Hist. Nat. stir.
B,Bot. 1(1950)34. Microchites Hook, f.,Fl.Brit.India 3 (1882)670,orth. var. Type
species:Micrechitespolyantha(Blume)Miq. (=I.polyanthus).
LamechitesMarkgr., NovaGuinea 14(1926)290. Typespecies: Lamechites schlechteriMarkgr.
(=I. rhombifolius).
Woody climbersor scramblers, producing whitelatex.Leaves opposite, thoseofa
pair equal, petiolate; petioles connectedby astraight rimaround thestem;colleters
oftenpresent inleafaxilsandon rim; bladepapery to coriaceous.Inflorescence of
aterminaland/oraxillary elongate rachisbearing sessile or shortpeduncled cymes
(thyrsoid), ofsmallaxillary cymes orpaniculate; peduncles andpedicels oftenpuber-
ulent, villousor tomentose,morerarely glabrous; bractsovate. Flowers 5-merous,
fairlysmall, actinomorphic, fragrantor not. Sepallobesfree;colleterspresentorab-
sent.Corolla: lobesinbudoverlapping totheright; consisting ofanarrowcylindrical
lowertubewhich thenwidensvery slightly atthepointofstamen insertionintothe
uppertube, somewhatconstrictedagain atthethroator not,throatsometimesthick-
enedinside formingaraisedring; lobesasymmetrical withaslantorprojection to the
right as viewedfromtheinside, spreading in mature flower.Stamensincludedinthe
corollatube or slightly exserted, attachedinaring to thepistil head; filamentshort,
sometimeswithsmall projections tothesides; antherselliptic or narrow triangular,
apexmucronate oracuminate,base shortsagittate andsterile.Disk of5 narrow lobes
as long as or longer thanthe ovary, often somewhatbulging on top, or entire and
55--ddeennttaatteeoorr55--ccrreennaattee,,oorrooff55 wwiiddeesseeppaarraatteelloobbeess.. OOvvaarryy of2 separatecarpels united
into acommon style, superior, ovoid, usuallypubescent, veryrarely glabrous; style
glabrous or,rarely,pubescent; baseofpistilheadmoreor less spherical orcup-shaped;
stigmoidapex along narrow point orcylindrical. Fruitof2 follicles; slightly spread-
ing or not; linearand narrow or fusiform; longitudinally dehiscent.Seeds narrow
lanceolateor linear, glabrous andwith anapical unbeakedcoma.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
la. Disk lobes free andnarrow, 1-2.2xas long as ovary; base ofpistil headglo-
bose;anthersappearing elliptic 2
b. Disk entire, 5-lobed or 5-crenate or of5 separate lobes0.2-1.1 x as long as
ovary; baseofpistilheadcup-shaped; anthersnarrow triangular 4
2a. Stems, leavesandinflorescence densely rufoustomentose;corollalobesshorter
thancorollatube 3.1, fulvus
b. Stems, leavesandinflorescence glabrous, puberulent or shortly tomentose;co-
rollalobeslonger thancorollatube 3
3a. Leaves elliptic orovate,<4.5xas long as wide; inflorescence 1.5-13 cmlong;
corollathroatdensely villous 2.1,frutescens
b. Leaves linear-oblong, > 4.5x as long as wide; inflorescence0.7-1.5 cm long;
corollathroat glabrous or sparsely pubescent 11.1, uliginosus
76 BLUMEA Vol. 39,No. 1/2, 1994
4a. Ovary± glabrous; stems,undersideofleavesandinflorescence densely rufous
tomentose;China, Vietnam 5.1, jacquetii
b. Ovary densely pubescent; indumentumvariable;widespread 5
5a. Leaves >25 cm long 6. 1,malipoensis
b. Leaves <20cm long 6
6a. Headofcorollainbud muchnarrowerthantube;corollalobes<0.6xas long as
tube 10. I. serpyllifolius
b. Headofcorollain budas wideas orwiderthantube, ifnarrower only slightly
soandthenflattopped; corollalobes>0.6 xtubelength 7
7a. Headofcorollabudwiderthantube, rounded;stamens includedorexserted in
mature flower 9. I. rhombifolius
b. Headofcorollabudnotnoticeably widerthantube,± flat-topped; stamens in-
cluded 8
8a. Inflorescence thyrsoid; filamentswithoutprojections atthe sides; throatofco-
rollawithoutathickring; continentalAsiato Java 8.1, polyanthus
b. Inflorescencealooseor congested panicle; filamentswithsmallprojections at
thesides; throatofcorollawitha thickening; New Guinea 9
9a. Corollatube glabrous outside 1. I. archboldianus
b. Corollatubepubescent outside 10
10a. Corolla tube5.7-6.6 mmlong 4.1, grandiflorus
b. Corollatube 1.4-4mmlong 11
11a. Inflorescencealoosepanicle, notrobust; bracts deciduous
7. 1. novoguineensis
b. Inflorescencecongested, robust; bracts usually persistent 12.1,wariana
...
1. Ichnocarpus archboldianus (Merr. & L.M. Perry) P.I. Forst.
Ichnocarpusarchboldianus(Merr. &L.M. Perry) P.I.Forst.,Austral. Syst. Bot.5 (1992) 541. —
MicrechitesarchboldianaMerr. &L.M.Perry, J.ArnoldArbor. 24 (1943)214.—Type:Brass
13401 (Alecto,designatedby Forster, 1992;BM, BO, BRI,L,LAEiso), Indonesia,Irian Jaya,
4km SW ofBernhardCamp,IdenburgRiver.
Climber.Branchespuberulent whenyoung, becoming glabrous. Leaves:petiole 1-1.5
cm long;blade ovate,elliptic orobovate, 1.8-3.1xas long aswide, 8.4-16x2.5-9
cm, apexlongacuminate, base roundedto cuneate; glabrous or sparsely puberulent
onmidribbeneath; 7-11pairsoflateralnerves. Inflorescence ofaxillary andterminal
panicles; 7.5-17cm long;peduncle glabrous orsparsely puberulent; pedicels sparse-
lypuberulent, 1.1-1.5mmlong. Sepals ovate,apexobtusetorounded; 1.1-1.4xas
long as wide,0.9-1.5 x0.8-1.1 mm;very sparsely puberulent or glabrous, ciliate;
nocolleters seen. Corollayellow withred lobes;inbud thetubeis cylindrical with
headaboutthesamewidth;tube3-3.4mmlong, glabrous outside,withathickrow
of hairsat the throat; lobes 0.8-1 x as long as tube,2.3-3.1 mm long, glabrous.
Stamensinserted 1.2-1.3mmfrom base, 0.3-0.4oftube length; filament0.5-0.7
mm long, withprojections atthe sides; anthers3.2-4xas long as wide, 1.2-1.6x
0.3-0.5 mm; narrow triangular, apex acuminate, basesagittate; included intheco-
rolla tube.Disk of5 oblong lobes, slightly narrower atthe top, 0.8-1 x as long as
the ovary, 0.7 mm long. Ovary 0.7-0.9mm long, pubescent; style 0.9 mm long;
D.J.Middleton: Revision ofIchnocarpus 77
pistil head0.6-0.8 mm long witha cup-shaped base. Fruit(immature) fusiform;
warty lenticellate; 3.7-8.9cm long, 4.5-6mm wide.
Distribution- NewGuinea(Irian Jaya;2 collections).
Habitat& Ecology - The twoknown collectionsare from rain forest at 850m
altitude.
2. Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton
Ichnocarpusfrutescens(L.)W.T.Aiton, Hort.Kew ed. 2,2(1811)69;Spreng., Syst.Veg. 1 (1824)
635; G.Don,Gen. Syst. 4(1838)78;A.DC., Prod. 8 (1844)435;Miq.,Fl.Ind. Bat. 2(1857)
448;Thwaites,Enum.PI.Zeyl. (1864)194;Benth.,Fl.Austral. 4(1869)315;Kurz, J.As. Soc.
Beng.46 (1877)256;For.Fl.Burma2(1877)185;Hook.f„Fl.Brit.India 3(1882)669;Warb.,
Fl. Kaiser Wilhelmsland (1889)407; Coll. & Hemsl., J.Linn. Soc. 28 (1890)86; Trimen,
Handb. Fl.Ceyl. 3 (1895)142;F.M. Bailey, QueenslandFl. 3 (1900)994; King & Gamble,
J. As. Soc. Beng. 74 (1907) 493;Cooke, Fl.Bombay 2(1908) 142;Craib, Contr.Fl. Siam
(1912)131;Haines, Bot.Bihar & Orissa(1922)546; Gamble,Fl.Madras (1923)820;Ridley,
Fl.Mai. Pen. 2(1923)'364;Markgr., Bot. Jahrb.61 (1927)207; Pitard,Fl.G6n. Indo-Chine 3
(1933) 1255; Kerr,Fl. Siam. Enum. 2 (1939)466;Bakh. f„ Blumea 6 (1950) 387; Backer &
Bakh. f.,Fl.Java 2(1965)239; Stewart,Fl.WestPakistan (1972)564; Huber,Fl.Ceylon 1, 1
(1973)27; Ramaswamy & Razi,Fl. BangaloreDist. (1973)450; Saldanha & Nicolson, Fl.
Hassan Dist.,Karnataka,India(1976)435;Tsiang &P.T.Li,Fl.Reip.Pop. Sin. 63 (1977)225;
Chater, Enum. Flow. PI.Nepal 3 (1982)83;Streimann,PI. UpperWatutWatershed P.N.G.
(1983)86;Huber, Fl.Ceylon4 (1983)71;Ly, Feddes Repert.97 (1986)675; SeshagiriRao,
Fl.Goa,Diu, Daman,Dadra& Nagarhaveli2(1986)257;Singh,Id.Eastern Karnataka 1 (1988)
403;Elliot & Jones,Encycl. Austral. Pl. 5 (1990) 413; P.T.Li, J.South China Agric. Univ.
11 (1990) 32; P.I.Forst., Austral. Syst. Bot. 5 (1992)536. ApocynumfrutescensL., Sp.
PI. (1753)213; Willd.,Sp.PI. 1 (1798) 1260. Echitesfrutescens [Wall., Cat. no. 1674]
Roxb.,Fl.Ind. 2(1832)12. Ichnocarpusfrutescensvar. genuinaKurz, J.As.Soc.Beng.46
(1877)256. Apocynumcrassifolium Salisb., Prod. (1796) 149,nom. illeg. Type:Herb.
Hermann no. 114,vol. 3,fol. 29 (BMholo; BRI,TCD photos), SriLanka.
GardeniavolubilisLour.,Fl.Cochinch. (1790)148.—Ichnocarpusvolubilis (Lour.)Merr.,Philipp.
J.Sci. 21 (1922)506;Enum.Philipp. Row.PL 3 (1923)336;Markgr.,Nova Guinea 14(1926)
288; Merr., PL Elm. Born. (1929)255; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n.s. 24, 2(1935) 313; Kerr,
Fl.Siam. Enum. 2 (1939)468;Backer & Bakh.f., Fl.Java 2(1965)240; Ly, Feddes Repert.
97 (1986)675. —Type:Loureiro s.n.(Pholo;Aphoto).
Quiriveliazeylanica Poir. in Lam.,Encycl.6 (1804)42,nom.illeg.
Tabernaemontana parviflora Poir. in Lam.,Encycl. Suppl. 5 (1817) 276. —Type: Commerson
s.n. inHerb. Desfontaines (H-Wholo;Aphoto).
Periplocapalvalli Dennst., Schliissel zumHortusIndicus Malabaricus (1818)14,24, 35.—Type:
Rheede,Hortus IndicusMalabaricus vol. 9:1.12.
Echites affinis Roem. & Schult.,Syst. Veg. 4(1819)393. —Aganosmaaffinis (Roem. & Schult.)
G.Don, Gen. Syst. 4(1837)77. — Ichnocarpusaffinis (Roem. & Schult.)K.Schum. in Engl.
&Prantl,Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4, 2(1895)179.—EchitescaryophyllataRoth,Nov. PI.Sp. (1821)
133.—Type:Heyne(untraced,probably destroyedin B).
EchitesferrugineaHorsf. in Roem. & Schult.,Syst. Veg.4(1819)796.—Type:untraced.
Echites bantamensisBlume,Bijdr. (1826) 1040.—Chonemorphabantamensis(Blume) G.Don,
Gen.Syst. 4(1838)76.—Ichnocarpusbantamensis(Blume) Miq.,H.Ind.Bat. 2(1857)449.
—Quirivelia bantamensis(Blume) Williams,Bull. Herb.Bois. ser.2, 5 (1905)949. —Type:
Blume4514 (Llecto,designatedhere;Uiso), Java.
EchitescaudataBlanco, H.Filip.(1837) 106;ed. 2(1845)77;nonL.—Type:notpreserved.Mer-
rill (1918) has designatedMerrill Sp. Blanco. 456 (A, K,L,MO,P)fromLuzon,Philippines
anillustrativeexample whilstrecognisingthatitis asynonymofIchnocarpusfrutescens.
BLUMEA —Vol. 39, No. 1/2, 1994
78
IchnocarpusovatifoliusA.DC., Prod. 8 (1844)435;Miq.,Fl.Ind.Bat. 2(1857)449;Hook, f.,Fl.
Brit.India3(1882)670;Vidal,Rev. PI.Vase.Filip.(1886) 186;Koord.,Versl. Bot.Dienstreis
Minahasa (1898) 528; Prain,Beng. PI. (1903)680;King & Gamble, J. As. Soc. Beng. 74
(1907)494;Merr.,Sp. Blanc. (1918)313;Haines,Bot.Bihar & Orissa(1922)546;Ridley, Fl.
Mai. Pen. 2(1923) 364;Pitard,Fl.Gdn.Indo-Chine3 (1933) 1254.—Ichnocarpusfrutescens
(L.) W.T. Aiton var.ovatifolius (A.DC.) D.B. Deb,Fl.TripuraState 2(1983) 18. —Type:
Cuming 1809 (BMlecto,designatedhere;G,K,MO,OXF, TCD, Wiso),Philippines.
Ichnocarpusmoluccanus Miq.,Fl.Ind. Bat. 2(1857)448. —Type:Zippelius s.n. (Lholo),Indo-
nesia,Timor. This is also the type ofEchites trichonema Zipp.,Linnaea 15(1841) 324,nom.
nud.
Ichnocarpusdasycalyx Miq.,Fl.Ind. Bat. 2(1857)449. —Type:Horsfields.n. (Klecto,designated
here;L,K, U iso),Indonesia,Java.
IchnocarpusleptodictyusF.Muell.,Fragm.6 (1868)118.—Ichnocarpusfrutescensvar. leptodictyus
(F.Muell.) Domin, Bibl. Bot. 89(1928)528. —Type: J.Dallachy s.n.(MELlecto,designated
by Forster,1992;BOiso), Australia,Queensland.
Gardenia sinensis Gomes, Mem. Acad. Sci. Lisb. SI.Sci. Pol. Mer. Bel. n.s. 4, 1 (1868)28. *—
Type: Loureiro s.n. (Pholo).
Springia indica Mull.Arg.in Van Heurck., Obs. Bot. PI.Nov. (1871) 143.— Type: Griffith\ 973
(BMlecto,designatedhere;Eiso),India,Assam.
Ichnocarpus frutescens var.pubescensKurz, J. As.Soc. Beng.46 (1877)256; For.Fl. Burma 2
(1877) 185.—Type:untraced.
Ichnocarpus navesii Rolfe,J.Linn. Soc. 21 (1884)313,nom. nud. —Type:typeis that ofIchno-
carpusfrutescenssensuNaves which was probablynotpreserved. Ichnocarpus?frutescens?Naves
isaccompaniedby apicture butis notanalysed andis thereforenot validlypublishedunderArt.
42.2 (ICBN). Ichnocarpusnavesii Rolfe is simply anom. nov. forthis (axon andcarries no de-
scription andisalso,therefore,invalid.
Ichnocarpusfrutescens var.parvifoliaHook, f.,Fl.Brit. India 3(1882)670. —Type: Wight 1881
(Klecto,designatedhere;A,BRI, K,L, M,MEL,P, S,Wiso), India,Tamil Nadu, Coimba-
tore.
Carruthersia daronensisElmer,Leafl.Philipp. Bot. 4(1912)1450.—Type:Elmer11099 (Klecto,
designatedhere;BO, E,L,Ziso),Philippines, Mindanao,Davao,Todaya,MtApo.
Toxocarpus makilingensis Elmer ex Merr.,Enum.Philipp.Flow. PI. 3 (1923)336,nom.illeg., in
synonymy ofIchnocarpusvolubilis (Lour.)Merr.;Elmer,Leafl.Philipp. Bot. 10(1939) 3810,
insynonymy ofIchnocarpusovatifolius A.DC. —Type:Elmer 17716(A,L,S,U,Z),Philip-
pines,Laguna,Los Bairns.
IchnocarpussogerensisWernham ex S.Moore,J.Bot.61,Suppl.(1923)33.—Ichnocarpusvolu-
bilisf.sogerensis (Wernhamex S.Moore)Markgr., NovaGuinea14 (1926)288.—Ichnocar-
pus frutescensf.sogerensis (WernhamexS.Moore)Markgr., Bot. Jahrb. 61 (1927)207. —
Type: Forbes 944 (BM lecto,designatedby Forster, 1992;K iso;Aphoto&fragment), Papua
New Guinea,Sogere.
Ichnocarpusfrutescensf.pubescensMarkgr., Bot. Jahrb. 61 (1927)208,nom.illeg.;Tsiang, Sun-
yatsenia3 (1936) 156; Streimann,PI. UpperWatutWatershed P.N.G. (1983)86; Tsiang &
P.T.Li,Fl.Reip.Pop. Sin.63 (1977)227.—Type:Schlechter 12771(untraced,probablyde-
stroyedin B).
Micrechites sinensis Markgr., Notizbl. Bot.Gart.Berlin-Dahlem 11(1931)215. —Type:S.,9. Sin
& Whang»730(untraced).
IchnocarpusoxypetalusPitard,Fl.Gdn. Indo-Chine 3 (1933)1256.—Type:Poilane119 (Plecto,
designatedhere;A, Piso),Vietnam,Phan-ri,Song-long-song.
Ichnocarpusmicrocalyx Pitard,Fl.G6n. Indo-Chine 3 (1933)1254;Kerr,Fl.Siam. Enum.2(1939)
467. —Type:Pierre4469 (Pholo), Thailand,Phetchaburi.
Climberor trailing shrub to 20 m. Branchlets glabrous, puberulent only around
nodes,puberulent allover or shortly tomentose,frequently becoming glabrous and
D.J. Middleton: Revision of Ichnocarpus 79
sparsely lenticellatewithage. Leaves: petiole glabrous, puberulent or tomentose,
4.5-29mm long;blade elliptic orovate,rarely obovate, 1.3-4.4xas long as wide,
1.3-15 x0.4-8.5 cm, apex usually shortacuminate, more rarely acute or obtuse,
basecuneate to rounded;paperyor subcoriaceous; puberulent only on midribbe-
neath,sparsely to densely tomentose allover beneathand sparsely soaboveor gla-
brous; 4-8 pairs oflateralnerves. Inflorescences axillary and terminal; 0.8-17 cm
long; peduncle and pedicels puberulent or short tomentose,morerarely glabrous;
bractsovate, deciduous; pedicels 1-5 mmlong. Sepals ovate, apex acute or, more
rarely, acuminateor obtuse; 1.1-3.7x as long as wide,0.6-2.4 x 0.3-1.1 mm;
puberulent oralmost glabrous; oftenappearing somewhaturceolate;colletersfew or
absent. Corollawhiteor yellow, sometimeswith adarkercentre;tube2-4mmlong,
outsideglabrous to densely puberulent, glabrous or pubescent insideinupperpartof
tube; lobes 1-2.2xas long as thetube, 2.6-6.2mm long, ciliate,outside glabrous
or puberulent on thatpart exposed in bud,villous at tubethroat. Stamens inserted
0.9-1.7 mm from base, 0.4-0.7 of tubelength; filaments0.2-0.5 mm long, an-
thers 2.2-4x as long as wide, 0.9-1.7x0.3-0.5 mm; elliptic, apex mucronate,
base shortsagittate; includedincorolla tube.Disklobesnarrow, separate, 1-2.2xas
long as ovary, 0.5-1 mmlong, slightly bulging on top. Ovary0.3-0.7 mm long,
pubescent; style0.4-1.7mmlong; pistilhead0.7-1.8mmlong witha globularbase.
Fruittomentose,sometimes becoming glabrous; 0.5-17.1 cm long, 1-5 mm wide.
Seeds elliptic or linear; 0.7-2.6 cm long, 0.8-2mm wide; coma fawn, cream or
white, 1.8-3.8cm long.
Distribution From approximately 860 collectionsstudied: Pakistan(Khaipur),
-
India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu,
Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Nicobar Islands), Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri
Lanka, Burma, China(Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong
Kong), Thailand,Vietnam,Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia (Peninsular and Bornean),
Indonesia (Aru, Buru, Flores, Halmahera,Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Seram,
Sulawesi, Sumatra, Sumbawa, Tanimber, Timor, Wetar), Philippines (Bohol,
Busuanga, Leyte, Luzon, Masbate,Mindanao,Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay),
Papua New Guinea(including New Britainand NewIreland), Australia(Queens-
land,NorthernTerritory, WesternAustralia).
Habitat&Ecology - Thisspecies growsin awidevariety ofhabitats, most often
inmoistto dryevergreenor deciduousforestbutalso sometimesinthorn scrub or as
a groundcover creeperinopenareas.
3. Ichnocarpus fulvus Kerr
IchnocarpusfulvusKerr,Kew Bull. 1937(1937)91;Fl.Siam. Enum.2(1939)467. —Type:Mar-
can 1361 (Klecto,designatedhere;Kiso), Thailand,SiRacha,Chon Buri.
Climberortrailing shrub.Branchletsdensely browntomentose. Leaves:petioletomen-
tose, 2.5-9 mm long; blade elliptic, ovate or oblong, 2.2-3.6x as long as wide,
3.5-10.6 x 1.6-4.3cm, acuminate or, rarely, rounded at the apex, rounded or
weakly cordateat thebase; papery; densely tomentose beneath, tomentose above.
80 BLUMEA Vol. 39, No. 1/2, 1994
becoming glabrous; 5-10pairs oflateralnerves. Inflorescences terminaland axil-
lary; 1-3cm long; peduncle andpedicels tomentose;bractsovate, oftenpersistent
during flowering; pedicels 1.6-3.5mm long. Sepals ovate, apex obtuse orround-
ed, rarely acute; 1.2-2x as long as wide, 1.7-3 x 1-1.8 mm; tomentose;no col-
letersseen. Corolla white or yellow; tube2.6-3.5 mm long,outside puberulent or
glabrous, glabrous in throat and glabrous inside; lobes0.6-0.9 x as long as the
tube, 1.8-2.8 mm long, glabrous or puberulent outside on that part ofthe lobes
exposed in bud. Stamens inserted at 1.2-1.6mm from the base,0.4-0.6 oftube
length; filaments 0.2-0.4mm long; anthers 1.9-2.3 x as long as wide, 1.5-1.8x
0.7-0.8 mm, elliptic,apex mucronate,baseshort sagittate; includedin the corolla
tube. Disk 1.2-1.6 xas long as the ovary, 0.7-0.9mm long. Ovary 0.5-0.6 mm
long, pubescent; style 0.4-0.5 mmlong; pistilhead 1.7-2.4mm long witha glob-
ularbase. Fruits glabrous; lenticellate; sometimes somewhattorulose; 5.7-19 cm
long, 3.6mmwide.Seedselliptic, glabrous; 18mmlong, 3mmwide;comacream,
2-3 cm long.
Distribution- SEThailand(from8 collectionsstudied).
Habitat& Ecology - Climber in deciduousorevergreen forestor trailing inopen
areas. Fl. Feb.-Sept.; fr. Jan.
4. Ichnocarpus grandiflorus D.J. Middleton, spec. Nov.
SimilisIchnocarpusnovoguineensissed inflorescentia robustiore,floribus flavidisetnotabiliter ma-
joribus.Frutex scandens. Rami tomentosi. Folia ovata,apiceacuminataetbasi obtusi, 9.1-14.1 cm
longaet5.5-8.7cm lata. Inflorescentiarobusta, 10.5-17 cm longa. Corolla flavida,tubus 5.7-6.6
mm longus, lobi 4.6-5 mm longi. —Typus: Brass 28217 (L holo;K iso), PapuaNew Guinea,
SudestIsland,Rambuso.
Climbing shrub.Branches densely tomentosewithlongerhispid hairs.Leaves: peti-
ole tomentose,1.6-2.6cm long; blade ovate, 1.3—1.7xas long as wide,9.1-14.1
x5.5-8.7cm, apexacuminate, baseobtuse;subcoriaceous; densely tomentose be-
neath, becoming glabrous above; 10-13pairs oflateralnerves. Inflorescences ter-
minal andaxillary forming apanicle; 7.1-12cm long; tomentosewith longerhispid
hairs; pedicels 2-2.6 mm long. Sepals ovate, apex obtuse; 1.9 x as long as wide,
3x 1.6 mm; densely tomentose;nocolleters seen. Corollayellow; inbudtubecylin-
drical withheadaboutthesame width; tube5.7-6.6 mm long,outside densely pu-
bescent, pubescent inthroatand inside; lobes 0.8 x as long as thetube, 4.6-5mm
long, densely pubescent on part oflobesexposed in bud. Stamensinserted atc.2.1
mm frombase, c.0.3 oftubelength; filaments0.9 mmlong, with projections from
theside; anthers5.6 x as long as wide,3.9x0.7 mm,narrow triangular, apex acu-
minate,basesagittate; included in thecorollatube.Disk of5 oblong lobes;0.6 x as
long as theovary, 0.6 mm long. Ovary 1 mm long, pubescent; style 1.8 mm long;
pistilhead 1mmlong,base cup shaped. Fruitunknown.
Distribution - Papua NewGuinea.
Note- Thisspecies is undoubtedly closely relatedtoIchnocarpus novoguineensis
fromwhichitis easily distinguished byitsvery muchlarger flowers.Itis so farknown
only fromthetypecollection.
D.J.Middleton: Revision of Ichnocarpus
81
5. Ichnocarpus jacquetii (Pierre ex Spire) D.J. Middleton
Ichnocarpusjacquetii(PierreexSpire) D.J.Middleton,Novon 4(1994)152.—Micrechitesjacquetii
PierreexSpire,Contr. Apocyn.(1905)48;Pitard,Fl.G6n. Indo-Chine3(1933) 1258.—Type:
Spire5(Plecto,designatedhere; K, Piso),Laos.
Ichnocarpus oliganthusTsiang,Sunyatsenia3(1936) 156.—Type:F.C. How 73570(IBSClecto,
designatedhere; A,BM,G, Piso),China, Hainan,Po-ting.
Climber.Branches densely rufoustomentose. Leaves: petiolerufoustomentose,0.5-
1.6 cm long; blade elliptic toovate, 1.5-2.8 x as long as wide, 4.3-7.2x 1.6-3.2
cm,apexacuminateto acute,base cuneate torounded; coriaceous; denselytomentose
beneath, sparsely so above; 6-8 pairs oflateralnerves. Inflorescence axillary; 1.5-5
cmlong; peduncle andpedicels densely tomentose. Sepals ovate,apexacute;2.5-3x
as long as wide, 2-3 x0.8-1 mm;tomentose; colleterspresent. Corolla red; tube
3-4mm long, outside glabrous, pubescent inside; lobes 0.7-1 x as long as tube,
3mm long, glabrous outside, pubescent atthroatinside. Stamensinsertedat2mm
from base, 0.5 oftubelength; antherssubsessile, 2.2-5x as long as wide, 1.1-2x
0.4-0.5 mm; narrow triangular,apexacuminate,base sagittate;includedinthetube.
Disk of5 separatelobes, 0.5-0.7x as long as theovary, 0.2-0.4mmlong. Ovary
0.4-0.6 mm long, glabrous; style 0.9 mm long; pistil head0.4-0.7mm long with
a cup-shaped base.Fruit denselybrown tomentose; 10-19.5cm long, 4.5-5.2mm
wide. Seedslinear, 12-17.5mmlong, 1-1.8mm wide; comafawn, 3.3 cm long.
Distribution- China(Hainan), Vietnam, Laos; 3 collectionsstudied.
Note-1 haveseenthisspecies represented only bythreecollections.Thetypeof
Micrechitesjacquetii bearsonly fruitandthetype ofIchnocarpus oliganthus has very
fewflowers, being largely afruiting specimen. Thereforethe description is some-
whatnarrowand further collectionsare neededfora fullerdescription. Twomore
collectionswere givenintheoriginal descriptionofI. oliganthus butIhavebeen un-
abletoobtainthesespecimens.
6. Ichnocarpus malipoensis (Tsiang & P.T. Li) D.J. Middleton
Ichnocarpusmalipoensis(Tsiang& P.T.Li)D.J.Middleton,Novon 4(1994) 152. —Micrechites
malipoensis Tsiang & P.T. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11 (1973) 381; Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 63
(1977) 192.—Type:Feng 13377(PE holo,n.v.; A iso), China, Yunnan,Ma-Li-Po,Tung-
Ting.
Branchessparsely puberulent, becoming glabrous. Leaves: petioleglabrous, 1.1-1.3
cm long; bladeoblong, 4-4.2xaslong as wide,28-30x6.7-7.5cm, apexcaudate,
base cuneate;papery; glabrous; 17-20pairs of lateralnerves. Inflorescence axillary;
1.5-3cm long; peduncle puberulent; pedicels puberulent,2.5-3.2 mmlong. Sepals
ovate,apex acute; 1.9-2x as long as wide, 2.2-2.5 x 1.1-1.3mm; very sparsely
puberulent; colleterspresent. Corollainbudwithcylindrical tube andaslightly wider
head; tube6-6.5mm long, glabrous outside, pubescent inside; lobes 0.8-1.1x as
long asthetube,5-7.2mmlong, outsideglabrous, densely pubescent intubethroat.
Stamens insertedat2 mmfrom base,0.3of tubelength; anthers subsessile, 4.4xas
long as wide,3.1x 0.7 mm, narrow triangular, apexacuminate, base sagittate; in-
cludedinthecorollatube.Disk entirewith5 thick lobes, 0.5 x as longas ovary, 0.7
82 BLUMEA Vol. 39, No. 1/2, 1994
mmlong. Ovary 1.4 mm long, pubescent; style 1.1 mm long; pistil head0.8 mm
longwithacup-shaped base. Fruitunknown.
Distribution China(Yunnan).
-
Note- This species wouldappeartobecloselyrelatedtoI.polyanthus fromwhich
itdiffersprimarilyintheverymuchlargerleaves andflowers, thefewerfloweredin-
florescenceandthepaperyleaves. Itis only known fromthetypecollection.
7. Ichnocarpus novoguineensis (K. Schum.) D.J. Middleton, comb. nov
Micrechites novoguineensisK.Schum. in K.Schum.& Laut.,Nachtr.Fl. deutsch.Schutzgeb.Sud-
see(1905)350. —Papuechitesnovoguineensis(K.Schum.)Markgr., Bot. Jahrb.61 (1927)210.
—Type:Schlechter 14609 (untraced,probablydestroyedin B).Neotype:Schlechter 16928(A
neo; BM,BRI, G,L,MOiso),PapuaNew Guinea,MadangProvince,DjamuRiver.
IchnocarpusxanthogalaxSchltr.,Kautschukexp.KaiserWilhelmsland (1911)126. —Type:No type
was given in theoriginalpublicationand there does notappear tobeanextantspecimen indi-
cated assuch. Markgraf(1927),however,made thisasynonymofPapuechitesnovoguineensis
andreportedthathe hadSchlechter'sagreementonthis.
Climber.Branches tomentose withlonger hispid hairs, often becoming glabrous.
Leaves: petiole 0.5-2 cm long; bladeovate to elliptic, 1.3-3.3x as long as wide,
3.7-12.6x 1.7-8.7cm, apex acuminate, rarely to obtuse, base obtuse to weakly
cordate; tomentose above andbeneath, tomentose beneathand glabrous above or,
rarely, glabrous onboth surfaces; 7-15pairs oflateralnerves. Inflorescence ofter-
minalandaxillary panicles; 3.4-14.7cm long; peduncle tomentose;pedicels tomen-
tose, 0.8-4.5mm long. Sepals ovate, apex obtuseor rounded; 1.1-2.2xas long as
wide,0.9-1.8x0.5-1.2mm; sparsely to densely tomentose or puberulent. Corolla
pink; inbudthetubeis cylindrical andtheheadaboutthesamewidth; tube 1.4-4mm
long, outside densely pubescent, rarely sparsely so,pubescent to glabrous in throat
andinsidetube; lobes0.7-1.4x as long as tube, 2-3.8mm long,outsidepubescent
onparts exposed inbud. Stamens inserted at0.7-1.7 mm from base, 0.3-0.4of
tubelength; filamentswithprojections atthesides; anthers3-4.3xaslong as wide,
1.2-1.7x0.3-0.5 mm;narrow triangular,apexacuminate, basesagittate; included
incorollatube. Diskof5 elliptic or oblong lobes;0.6-1.1 xas long asovary, 0.3-1
mm long. Ovary 0.5-1.2 mm long, pubescent; style 0.7-1.1 mm long; pistil head
0.5-1.2mmlong withacup-shaped base.Fruitfusiform;weakly tomentose;3.2-4.7
cm long, 1.3-1.8cm wide. Seed8-9mm long, 3.7-4.4mm wide;comabrownish,
1-2 cm long.
Distribution - Papua NewGuinea(Central, Madang, MilneBay and Morobe
Provinces); 8 collectionsstudied.
Habitat&Ecology - Inforestto 1000m altitude.
Note- The specimen cited by Forster(1992) asbeing ataxon of uncertainstatus
(Plenty NGF 16964)belongs tothis species.
8. Ichnocarpus polyanthus (Blume) P.I. Forst.
Ichnocarpuspolyanthus(Blume)P.I.Forst., Austral.Syst. Bot. 5(1992)544. —Tabernaemontana
polyanthaBlume,Bijdr. (1826)1029.—Micrechitespolyantha (Blume)Miq.,Fl.Ind.Bat. 2
(1857)457;Hook,f.,Fl.Brit. India 3(1882)671;Tsiang,Sunyatsenia2(1934) 126;Backer&
