Table Of ContentOUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,26/8/2016,SPi
A PRISON WITHOUT WALLS?
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A Prison without Walls?
Eastern Siberian Exile in the Last
Years of Tsarism
SARAH BADCOCK
1
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3
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Acknowledgements
This book has had a lengthy gestation. I carried out the archival research that
underpins this project between 2006 and and 2008. My research was interrupted
byanotherkindofgestation,asIhadmysonEliahin2009,andmydaughterAva
in2011.Mychildrenhaveenrichedandexpandedmyworld,butmayhaveslowed
downthewritingprocesssomewhat.
This project has been financially supported by The British Academy, and the
UniversityofNottinghamprovidedmewithinvaluablesabbaticaltime.
Icouldnothavecompletedthisresearchwithoutthegeneroushelpandsupport
of staff in various archives and libraries. The National Archive of the Republic of
Sakha was an exceptionally welcoming and supportive place to work. Sardana
Boyakova introduced me to her knowledgable and cordial colleagues at the Insti-
tute of Humanitarian Research in Yakutsk, and generously shared her home and
herlocalexpertisewithme.Iwouldalsoliketothankthereadingroomstaffinthe
StateArchiveofIrkutskOblast,theIrkutskStateUniversity’sScientificLibrary,the
Russian Archive of the Far East in Vladivostok, the State Archive of the Russian
Federation in Moscow, and the Russian State Archive of Social and Political
History. The Slavonic Library in Helsinki was an extraordinarily salubrious place
towork,andIrinaLukkawaswonderfullyhelpful.
ThankstothejournalEurope-AsiaStudies,whogavemepermissiontoreproduce
material in this book from the article ‘From Villains to Victims: Experiencing
Illness in Siberian Exile’, published in 2013. Thanks are also due to Irkutsk’s
regionalMuseumofFineArtsinthenameofV.P.Sukachev,whogavepermission
for me to use the image on the front cover of this book, the painting ‘Pereprava
cherezAngaru’,byN.Dobrovol’skii.
Somanycolleaguesandfriendshavehelpedmebringthisprojecttofruition.Aaron
Retish, Andrew Gentes, Tracy McDonald, Geoff Swain, and Jerry Surh all read
substantialpartsofthemanuscript.Theircommentsandinsightshelpedmetoreshape
it, and I hope, to write a better book. Peter Gatrell’s incisive critique was extremely
helpful. My colleagues in the department of History at University of Nottingham
providedmewithaconvivialandsupportivescholarlyatmosphereinwhichtowork.
I have been lucky to work with a wonderful cohort of graduate students, who have
beenindulgentofmyeccentricities,andwhoseworkhashelpedtoshapemythoughts.
Myundergraduatestudentshaveallalsoheardratheralotaboutthisprojectoverthe
years—particularmentiongoestomySpecialSubject2015–2016,whorenewedmy
faith in the joys of classroom teaching by being lovely people as well as diligent
students.Anyerrorsinthebookremain,ofcourse,myresponsibility.
My friends and family, both close to home in our corner of semi-feudal
Leicestershire, and scattered around the globe, have helped maintain my sanity.
MyhusbandJonathanKwanreadthismanuscriptinwholeandinparts.Hehelped
meshapeabroaderconceptualframework,andpatientlysufferedthevicissitudesof
thewritingprocesswithforbearanceandwithlove.Thisbookisdedicatedtohim.
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,26/8/2016,SPi
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,26/8/2016,SPi
Contents
ListofFiguresandMaps ix
RussianTranslations,Transliterations,andTerms xi
1. Introduction:APrisonwithoutWalls? 1
ThePlaceofSiberiainRussia 8
ExileNumbersandCategoriesinEasternSiberia 11
TheImpactofExilesonSiberia 15
RussianPunishmentinComparativeContext 18
ApproachestoSiberianExile 21
2. TheJourney:TravelandPrisons 26
TheFirstStages:GettingtoAleksandrovsk 30
DailyLifeinAleksandrovsk 37
ReadingandEducationinPrison 42
PoliticalsandCriminals 47
WomeninandoutofPrison 53
Children 58
TheFinalStages 60
Conclusions 69
3. LifeinExile:CommunitiesofthePunished 70
ExileDestinations 71
MaterialConditionsinExile 78
BroaderCommunityamongExiles 82
ExilesandtheNativeSiberianPopulation 90
IntimateRelationships 94
Children 99
Conclusions 104
4. ‘TamingtheWildTaiga’:WorkandEscapeinSiberianExile 106
PatternsofEmployment 107
UnemploymentandtheUrban–RuralNexus 115
RoadandRailConstruction 122
AgriculturalWork 126
Escape 130
Conclusions 137
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viii Contents
5. IllnessandDeathinSiberianExile 139
TypesandRatesofIllness 141
EnvironmentalFactorsInfluencingSicknessandHealth 145
MentalHealth 149
TreatmentandCareofPrisoners 158
VoluntaryFollowers 165
Conclusions 167
Afterword:EndingsandBeginnings 169
Bibliography 179
ArchivalSourcesConsulted 179
NewspapersConsulted 180
PublishedSourcesCited 180
Index 193
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List of Figures and Maps
Figures
2.1. Numberofkatorgaprisoners,1905–15 29
4.1. Occupationsof299politicalexilesbeforearrest,andinexilein
easternSiberia,1902–17 108
5.1. AveragedailynumberofpatientsinRussianprisonsin1910,
byillness 143
5.2. IllnessinIrkutskprisons,1905–13,excludinggeneral
infectiousdiseases 144
Maps
1. TheRussianEmpire,circa1900 xii–xiii
2. EasternSiberia,circa1900 xiv–xv
