Table Of ContentA
PRIMER OF INDIAN LOGIC
A
Primer of Indian Logic
ACCORDING TO
ANNAMBHATTA'S TARKASAMGRAHA
BY
MAHAMAHOPADHVAYA \7IDYAVACASPATI
KUPPUSWAMI
S. SASTRI, M.A., I.E.S.
PROFBSJOR OF SANSKRIT AND COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY
PRESIDENCY COLLEGE
AND
CURATOR, GOVERNMENT ORIENTAL MANUSCRIPTS LIBRARY, MADRAS
SECOND EDITION
THE
KUPPUSWAMI SASTRI RESEARCH INSTITUTE
MYLAPORE, MADRAS
1951
Four EDITION 1932
SECOND EDITION 1951
PRINTED AT
THE MADRAS LAW JOURNAL PRFSS
MYLAPORE, MADRAS
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
Pdniniyam ca sarvasastropakarakam.
"JLogicand grammar are indispensable aids for
^every branch of knowledge." --.-^*
This little book, called A PRIMER OF IKDIAW
LOGIC, is primarily based on Annambhatta's Tarka-
samgraha and is designed to serve as an introduction,
not only to the btudy of Indian logic as embodied in
the Nyaya-Vaisesika literature in Sanskrit, but also to
the study of Indian philosophy in its diverse systems.
In preparing this book, the oft-quoted Sanskrit dictum
given above was borne in mind. This book comprises
three paits. Part I contains an historical introduction.
Part II gives the Sanskrit text of the Tarkasamgraha
in the Dcvanfijjari scriptand in English transliteration.
Part III forms the bulk of this work and contains an
English rendering of the Sanskrit text accompanied by
a critical and comparative exposition of each topic in
English. In this exposition, an endeavour is made to
combine strict fidelity to the original Sastraic texts in
Sanskrit with an intelligible presentation of the techni-
cal ideas of Indian systems of philosophy in an English
garb. In the course of this endeavour, it has become
unavoidably necessary to coin and bring into vogue
certain technical terms, which, at first sight, look some-
what uncouth.
ft
Nearly two years ago, I undertook to write this
book for the benefit of modern University students,
more especially B.A. students offering philosophy as
their optional subject, in compliance with a suggestion
made by my esteemed friend, Prof. P. N. Srinivasa-
chariar, M.A., Professor of Philosophy in the Pachai-
yappa's College, Madras. Messrs.P. Varadachari & Co.,
Publishers and Book-sellers, 8, Linga Chett) Street,
Madras.^SSflfJly undertook to publish this work. The
printing of parts II and III was finished in January
1931 and these two parts were separately made avail-
able to students in the beginning of 1931. The com-
plete work, with part I also and a very useful Sanskrit
glossary, is now made available in a complete form;
and in this form, it is hoped that it will be received
well by all the students and scholars interested in
Indian philosophy.
The bulk of the matter in this book is directly
based on Sastraic texts in Sanskrit. In the course of
the preparation of this work, I consulted well-known
English books on Indian philosophy like Prof. Radha-
krishnan's 'Indian Philosophy', Dr. Keith's < Atomism
and Indian Logic', and Dr. Handle's 'Indian Logic in
the Early Schools'. My thanksaredue, in particular, to
two of my young friends and former pupils to
Mr. T. R. Chintamani, M.A., Senior Lecturer in Sans-
krit, Madras University, for preparing the table of
contents and the Sanskrit glossary, and to Mr. T.
Chandrasekharan, M.A., (Diploma in German), Profes-
sor of History of Sanskrit Language and Literature,
Madras Sanskrit College, and Manager, Journal of
tts
Oriental Research, Madras, for reading the proofs. I
should also take this opportunity to express my thank-
fulness to the Madras Law Journal Press, Mylapore,
for its very kind and efficient co-operation in seeing
this work through the press and to Pandit T. S.
Subrahmanya Sastri (Sahitya-$iromani) of the M.L.J.
Press* for the alert and willing assistance which he
rendered at various stages in getting me to do the work
in the midst of my multifarious duties.
KUPPUSWAM1 SASTRI
S.
5, North Mada Street, Mylapore,
llth March, 1932.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
The authorities of the Kuppuswami Sastri
Research Institute have great pleasure in bringing out
this second edition of the Primer of Indian Logfc by
Prof. S. Kuppuswami Sastri, and pnMi hint; it on
the occasion of the Seventh Foundation Day celebra-
tions of the Institute founded in 'the name of the
author.
Dr.A. Sankaran,M.A., PH.D.,andDr.V. Raghavan,
M.A., PH.D., were in charge of the work of !iri;i;;i,i^
out this second edition.
The corrections noted by the author in his own
copy of the book preserved in the Institute Library have
been incorporated here.
Sri K, Venkateswara Sarma, M.A., was of much
assistance in the reading of the proofs and seeing the
work through the press.
The thanks of the Institute authorities are specially
due to Sri N. Ramaratnam, M.A., B.L., Proprietor,
M. L. J. Press, for his continued co-operation in the
work of the Institute.
7th Sept. 1951.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART
I
Pages.
Logic in the West and in India : ... iii to v
TFife meaning of the term Logic ... iii
Sanskrit Equivalents of the term Logic
Logic a system of Philosophy ... iv
Tarkasastra contrasted with other
&
sastras ... ... iv v
Antecedents and foreshadovvings of the
Vaisesika and Nyaya v to ix
Intuitionistic and rationalistic tenden-
cies ... ... v & vi
^Origin of the Nyaya system of Philo-
&
sophical thought ... ... vi vii
Darsanas Astika and Nastika ... vii & viii
^Beginnings of the Vaisesika and Nyaya
&
systems ... ... viii Jx
How the Vai:eika and Nyaya schools
emerged and when the doctrines
were redacted into sutras ... ix to xx
Manu and Yajnavalkya: their attitude
to Tarkasastra ... ... ix & x
''Rise of pre-Buddhistic logic and meta-
physics ... ... x & xi
&
Anti-vedic Vaisesika ... ... xi xii
"'NySLya-sutras and Vaisc$ika-sutras ... xii
Dill
Date of the sutras, Jacobi's views
criticised xiii to xv
Tarkasastra pre-supposed by Kautalya. xvi to xviii
Nyaya in Patanjali xix
The Names Vaisesika and Nyaya; The
Nature, Aim and Scope of the two
systems xx to xxiii
Syncretism and Synthesis ... xxiii to'xxv
Pairs of allied systems xxv
After the sutras to Udayana ... xxvi to xxxiv
Is Vatsyayana himself theauthor of the
aphoristic statements in the Bhasya? xxviii &xxix
Uddyotakara and Dharmakirti . xxx &xxxi
Vacaspatimisra . xxxi & xxxii
Jayanta . xxxii
Bhasarvajna . xxxiii
Udayana and his contribution xxxiii&xxxiv
Sridhara xxxiv
.
After Udayana to Annambhatta . xxxivto liii
xxxiv& xxxv
givaditya's Saptapadarthi
Gangesa and his special contribution
(The categoristic method replaced
by the epistemological)... xxxv to xxxviii
Vardhamanopadhyaya ... ... xxxviii
Rucidatla ... ... ... xxxviii
Raghunatha-siromani, Jagadisa and
Gadadhara ... ... xxxix & xl
Samkaramisra and Visvanatha ... xl
&
Annambhatta ... ... xli xlii
Concluding remarks and general
&
estimate .. xlii xliii
