Table Of ContentA Practical Guide to
Construction of
Hydropower Facilities
A Practical Guide to
Construction of
Hydropower Facilities
Suchintya Kumar Sur
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Sur, Suchintya Kumar, author.
Title: A practical guide to construction of hydropower facilities / Suchintya
Kumar Sur.
Description: First edition. | New York, NY : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis
Group, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018047800| ISBN 9780815378051 (hardback : acid-free paper)|
ISBN 9781351233279 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Hydroelectric power plants--Design and construction. |
Dams--Design and construction.
Classification: LCC TK1081 .S858 2019 | DDC 621.31/2134--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018047800
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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http://www.crcpress.com
This book is dedicated to
my little grandson Shivansh Bhardwaj
and to my wife Ms. Bulbul Sur.
Contents
Preface ..................................................................................................................xxv
Author ................................................................................................................xxvii
1 Concepts of a Hydropower Project .............................................................1
1.1 Introduction to Objectives, Scope, and Outcomes ...........................1
1.2 Outcomes ................................................................................................4
1.3 Theme and Philosophy ........................................................................4
1.4 Concept of Hydropower Project .........................................................4
1.4.1 Role of Hydropower in Energy Mix .....................................5
1.4.2 Energy Storage and Its Function ..........................................6
1.5 Global Status of Hydropower ..............................................................7
1.5.1 Hydropower Installed Capacity by Region ........................7
1.5.2 Top 10 Hydropower Producing Countries, 2016 ................7
1.5.3 Ten Largest Hydropower Project in the World ..................7
1.6 Definition of Hydropower ...................................................................8
1.6.1 Merits and Demerits ...............................................................9
1.6.1.1 Merits .....................................................................9
1.6.1.2 Demerits ..............................................................10
1.6.2 Type of Hydropower Projects .............................................10
1.6.2.1 Large Hydro Project ..........................................10
1.6.2.2 Medium Hydro Project .....................................10
1.6.2.3 Small Hydro Project ..........................................11
1.6.2.4 Mini Hydro Project ............................................11
1.6.2.5 Micro Hydro Project ..........................................11
1.6.2.6 Pico Hydro Project .............................................11
Bibliography ...................................................................................................11
2 Planning, Project Cost Estimation, and the Future of Small
Hydropower (SHP): Large Hydro and Its Various Schemes and
Components ...................................................................................................13
2.1 Global Definition and Various Rated Capacity of SHP .................13
2.2 Type of Facilities and Its Applicability ............................................13
2.2.1 Classification of Small Hydro by Head .............................13
2.3 How Small Scale Hydro Is Utilized World Wide ...........................14
2.4 Planning of Small Hydropower (SHP) .............................................16
2.4.1 Feasibility/Detailed Project Report....................................17
2.4.2 Scheme of SHP ......................................................................18
2.4.2.1 Selection of Type of Project ..............................18
2.4.2.2 Desilting Prevention ..........................................18
vii
viii Contents
2.4.2.3 Selection of Type of Structure ..........................18
2.4.2.4 Economic Layout ................................................19
2.4.3 Type of Scheme .....................................................................19
2.4.4 ROR Scheme of SHP and Its Components ........................19
2.4.5 Canal Falls Scheme ...............................................................21
2.4.5.1 Layout of Canal Falls .........................................21
2.4.5.2 Component of Canal Falls Scheme ..................22
2.4.6 Dam/Weir Based Scheme....................................................22
2.4.6.1 Component of Dam Toe Scheme .....................23
2.4.6.2 Layout of Dam Toe Scheme ..............................23
2.4.7 Pumped Storage Scheme .....................................................23
2.5 Benefits of Small Hydropower (SHP) ...............................................24
2.6 Project Cost Estimation and the Future of SHP .............................24
2.6.1 Break Up of Activities of SHP .............................................25
2.6.1.1 Enabling Works ..................................................25
2.6.1.2 Civil Works .........................................................25
2.6.1.3 Electro-Mechanical Work .................................26
2.6.2 Preparation of Estimate .......................................................26
2.6.2.1 Preliminary Estimate ........................................26
2.6.2.2 Detailed Estimate ...............................................27
2.6.2.3 Formula Based Estimate ...................................27
2.6.3 Detailed Estimate for Evaluating Budget
of the Work ............................................................................27
2.6.3.1 Direct Costs .........................................................27
2.6.3.2 Indirect Costs......................................................27
2.6.3.3 Other Costs .........................................................27
2.6.3.4 Preliminary Cost ................................................28
2.6.3.5 Land Cost ............................................................28
2.6.3.6 Infrastructure Cost ............................................28
2.6.3.7 Cost of Civil Works ............................................29
2.6.3.8 Electro Mechanical Work ..................................30
2.6.3.9 Transmission Line ..............................................30
2.6.3.10 Plantation Cost ...................................................31
2.6.3.11 Maintenance Cost ..............................................31
2.6.3.12 Plants and Erection Equipment .......................31
2.6.3.13 Communication ..................................................31
2.6.3.14 Miscellaneous .....................................................31
2.6.3.15 Receipts and Recoveries ....................................32
2.6.3.16 Indirect Cost .......................................................32
2.6.3.17 Other Cost ...........................................................32
2.6.4 Format for Detailed Estimate ..............................................33
2.6.5 Type of Estimates ..................................................................33
2.6.5.1 Recasting of Estimate ........................................33
2.6.5.2 Supplementary Estimate ...................................33
2.6.5.3 Revised Estimate ................................................33
Contents ix
2.6.6 Economic and Financial Cost Analysis .............................34
2.6.6.1 Requisite Tools for Financial Analysis............34
2.6.6.2 Capital Cost .........................................................35
2.6.6.3 Funding and Its Means .....................................35
2.6.7 Phase-Wise Distribution of Budget and Expenditures ......36
2.6.7.1 Capacity Factor ...................................................36
2.6.7.2 Interest During Construction (IDC) ................36
2.6.7.3 Fiscal Incentives for Small Hydropower ........37
2.6.7.4 Debt to Equity Ratio ..........................................37
2.6.7.5 Working Capital .................................................37
2.6.7.6 Discount Factors .................................................38
2.6.7.7 Internal Rate of Return .....................................39
2.6.7.8 Installation Cost .................................................39
2.6.7.9 Unit Generation Cost .........................................39
2.6.7.10 Energy Available for Sale ..................................39
2.6.7.11 Sale Price of Electricity ......................................40
2.6.7.12 Payback Method .................................................40
2.6.7.13 Benefit Cost Ratio ...............................................40
2.6.7.14 Debt Service Coverage Ratio ............................40
2.6.7.15 Financial Analysis .............................................41
2.6.8 Due Diligence ........................................................................41
2.6.8.1 Due Diligence of Financial Feasibility of
Hydropower Project ..........................................42
2.7 Major Hydropower Project ................................................................47
2.7.1 Run-of-River Project .............................................................47
2.7.1.1 Advantage and Disadvantage of
This Project .........................................................47
2.7.1.2 Ten ROR of the World ........................................48
2.7.2 Storage Project .......................................................................49
2.7.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages ......................49
2.7.3 Pumped Storage ....................................................................50
2.7.3.1 Advantages .........................................................51
2.7.3.2 World’s 10 Pumped Storage Project .................51
2.7.4 Multipurpose Project ...........................................................51
2.7.5 Component of Hydel Project ...............................................54
2.7.6 Difference between Dam and Weir ....................................55
2.7.7 Classification of Dam, Other Components and Its
Function .................................................................................56
2.7.8 Profile and Various Sections of Dam .................................58
2.7.8.1 Non-Overflow Section of Dam ........................58
2.7.8.2 Overflow Section of Dam ..................................58
2.7.9 Energy Dissipation, Hydraulic Jump, Stilling Basin .......58
2.7.9.1 Hydraulic Jump ..................................................61
2.7.9.2 Energy Dissipation ............................................62
Bibliography ...................................................................................................63
