Table Of ContentMATERIALS CHEMISTRY K Sustainability: Contributions through Science and Technology
a
Series Editor: Michael C. Cann
n
A Novel Green Treatment for Textiles
A Novel Green
Plasma Treatment as a Sustainable Technology
Treatment for Textiles
Industries worldwide have been impacted by environmental regulations, eco-
nomics, and ultimately consumers, which have led to more thought about the
development of sustainable products. The textile industry is no exception.
Plasma Treatment as a
The preparation, dyeing, and finishing of textile fibres requires large amounts A
of water and other chemicals which may be toxic or hazardous. Green chem-
N
istry along with other green technologies may now play a leading role in this Sustainable Technology
o
process. This book emphasises the importance of plasma treatment as a
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green and sustainable technology. e
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G
A Novel Green Treatment for Textiles: Plasma Treatment as a
Sustainable Technology discusses the plasma treatment of textile fi- r
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bres and its environmental, economic and social benefits. The book reviews
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the general properties of textiles and provides a description of the current n
treatment methods typically used today. The author then introduces the con-
T
cept of plasma and its application in treating textile materials. The applica-
r
tion of plasma as a pretreatment as well as a treatment in dyeing textiles is e
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discussed.
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The book summarises the application of plasma treatment in the printing and
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finishing of textiles. Also explored is the concept of sustainability and its role
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in the development of plasma treatments in textile wet processing. The 12 t
Principles of Green Chemistry are incorporated throughout the book. f
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Chi-wai Kan
K11802
ISBN: 978-1-4398-3944-7
90000
9 781439 839447
A Novel Green
Treatment for Textiles
Sustainability: Contributions through Science and Technology
Series Editor: Michael C. Cann, Ph.D.
Professor of Chemistry and Co-Director of Environmental Science
University of Scranton, Pennsylvania
Preface to the Series
Sustainability is rapidly moving from the wings to center stage. Overconsumption of non-
renewable and renewable resources, as well as the concomitant production of waste has
brought the world to a crossroads. Green chemistry, along with other green sciences
technologies, must play a leading role in bringing about a sustainable society. The
Sustainability: Contributions through Science and Technology series focuses
on the role science can play in developing technologies that lessen our environmental
impact. This highly interdisciplinary series discusses significant and timely topics ranging
from energy research to the implementation of sustainable technologies. Our intention
is for scientists from a variety of disciplines to provide contributions that recognize how
the development of green technologies affects the triple bottom line (society, economic,
and environment). The series will be of interest to academics, researchers, professionals,
business leaders, policy makers, and students, as well as individuals who want to know
the basics of the science and technology of sustainability.
Michael C. Cann
Published Titles
Green Chemistry for Environmental Sustainability
Edited by Sanjay Kumar Sharma, Ackmez Mudhoo, 2010
Microwave Heating as a Tool for Sustainable Chemistry
Edited by Nicholas E. Leadbeater, 2010
Green Organic Chemistry in Lecture and Laboratory
Edited by Andrew P. Dicks, 2011
A Novel Green Treatment for Textiles:
Plasma Treatment as a Sustainable Technology
C. W. Kan, 2014
Sustainability: Contributions through Science and Technology Sustainability: Contributions through Science and Technology
Series Editor: Michael C. Cann, Ph.D. Series Editor: Michael C. Cann
Professor of Chemistry and Co-Director of Environmental Science
University of Scranton, Pennsylvania
A Novel Green
Preface to the Series
Sustainability is rapidly moving from the wings to center stage. Overconsumption of non- Treatment for Textiles
renewable and renewable resources, as well as the concomitant production of waste has
brought the world to a crossroads. Green chemistry, along with other green sciences
technologies, must play a leading role in bringing about a sustainable society. The Plasma Treatment as a
Sustainability: Contributions through Science and Technology series focuses
on the role science can play in developing technologies that lessen our environmental
Sustainable Technology
impact. This highly interdisciplinary series discusses significant and timely topics ranging
from energy research to the implementation of sustainable technologies. Our intention
is for scientists from a variety of disciplines to provide contributions that recognize how
the development of green technologies affects the triple bottom line (society, economic,
and environment). The series will be of interest to academics, researchers, professionals,
business leaders, policy makers, and students, as well as individuals who want to know
the basics of the science and technology of sustainability.
Michael C. Cann
Published Titles
Green Chemistry for Environmental Sustainability
Edited by Sanjay Kumar Sharma, Ackmez Mudhoo, 2010
Chi-wai Kan
Microwave Heating as a Tool for Sustainable Chemistry
Edited by Nicholas E. Leadbeater, 2010
Green Organic Chemistry in Lecture and Laboratory
Edited by Andrew P. Dicks, 2011
A Novel Green Treatment for Textiles:
Plasma Treatment as a Sustainable Technology
C. W. Kan, 2014
Boca Raton London New York
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To God and my family
Agnes and Hiu-lam
Contents
List of Figures ..........................................................................................................xv
List of Tables ...........................................................................................................xix
Series Preface .......................................................................................................xxiii
Foreword ................................................................................................................xxv
Preface..................................................................................................................xxvii
Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................xxix
About the Author ..................................................................................................xxxi
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
1.1 Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry for Textile Wet
Processing ..................................................................................1
1.2 Importance of Green Chemistry in Textile Wet Processing .....2
1.2.1 Pretreatment Process ....................................................3
1.2.2 Colouration Process......................................................3
1.2.3 Finishing Process .........................................................4
1.3 Water Requirement for Textile Wet Processing ........................5
1.4 Sustainability Consideration of Conventional Textile Wet
Processing ..................................................................................6
1.4.1 Accurate Colour Communication ................................6
1.4.2 Intelligent Dye Selection for Product Durability .........7
1.4.3 Intelligent Dye Selection for Chemical Compliance ....7
1.4.4 Intelligent Process Selection for Improved
Resource Efficiency ......................................................8
1.4.5 Waste Minimisation and Pollution Control ..................9
1.5 Development of Non-Aqueous Green Treatment ....................11
1.6 Conclusions ..............................................................................12
References ..........................................................................................12
Chapter 2 Textile Materials .................................................................................15
2.1 Textile Fibres ...........................................................................15
2.2 Classification of Textile Fibres ................................................15
2.2.1 Natural Vegetable Fibres (Cellulosic Fibre) ...............17
2.2.1.1 Cotton .........................................................17
2.2.1.2 Flax (Linen) ................................................17
2.2.1.3 Jute ..............................................................18
2.2.1.4 Ramie ..........................................................18
2.2.2 Natural Animal Fibres (Protein Fibres) .....................18
2.2.2.1 Wool ............................................................19
2.2.2.2 Hair .............................................................20
2.2.2.3 Silk ..............................................................20
vii
viii Contents
2.2.3 Man-Made Fibres .......................................................21
2.2.3.1 Acetate ........................................................21
2.2.3.2 Viscose Rayon ............................................22
2.2.3.3 Lyocell (Trade Name ‘Tencel’) ...................22
2.2.3.4 Polyester ......................................................22
2.2.3.5 Nylon (Polyamide) ......................................23
2.2.3.6 Acrylic and Modacrylic ..............................24
2.2.3.7 Polyolefins ...................................................24
2.3 Essential Properties of Textile Fibres ......................................25
2.4 Conclusions ..............................................................................26
References ..........................................................................................26
Chapter 3 Processes for Treating Textile Fibres .................................................27
3.1 Pretreatment (Preparation) Process .........................................27
3.1.1 Pretreatment (Preparation) for Cellulosic Fibres........28
3.1.1.1 Grey Inspection...........................................28
3.1.1.2 Singeing ......................................................28
3.1.1.3 Desizing ......................................................28
3.1.1.4 Scouring ......................................................28
3.1.1.5 Bleaching ....................................................29
3.1.1.6 Mercerization ..............................................29
3.1.1.7 Fluorescent Brightening .............................29
3.1.2 Pretreatment for Protein Fibres ..................................29
3.1.2.1 Pretreatment of Wool ..................................29
3.1.2.2 Pretreatment of Silk ....................................31
3.1.3 Pretreatment for Man-Made (Synthetic) Fibres ..........32
3.1.3.1 Desizing ......................................................33
3.1.3.2 Scouring and Relaxation .............................33
3.1.3.3 Heat Setting ................................................33
3.1.3.4 Bleaching ....................................................34
3.2 Dyeing Process ........................................................................34
3.2.1 Factors that Affect Dyeing .........................................35
3.2.2 Classification of Dyes .................................................35
3.2.3 Application of Pigments .............................................37
3.2.4 Methods of Dyeing .....................................................38
3.2.4.1 Fibre Dyeing ...............................................39
3.2.4.2 Yarn Dyeing ................................................39
3.2.4.3 Fabric Dyeing .............................................39
3.2.4.4 Garment Dyeing .........................................40
3.2.5 Dyeing of Cellulosic Fibres ........................................40
3.2.5.1 Direct Dyes .................................................41
3.2.5.2 Sulphur Dyes...............................................42
3.2.5.3 Reactive Dyes .............................................43
3.2.5.4 Azoic Dyes ..................................................44
3.2.5.5 Vat Dyes ......................................................44
