Table Of ContentStephan Hülsmann
Mahesh Jampani Editors
A Nexus
Approach
for Sustainable
Development
Integrated Resources Management in Resilient
Cities and Multifunctional Land-use Systems
A Nexus Approach for Sustainable
Development
Stephan Hülsmann (cid:129) Mahesh Jampani
Editors
A Nexus Approach
for Sustainable
Development
Integrated Resources Management
in Resilient Cities
and Multifunctional Land-use
Systems
123
Editors
StephanHülsmann MaheshJampani
Institute for Integrated Management Institute for Integrated Management
of Material Fluxesandof Resources of Material Fluxesandof Resources
UnitedNations University UnitedNations University
Dresden,Sachsen, Germany Dresden,Sachsen, Germany
ISBN978-3-030-57529-8 ISBN978-3-030-57530-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57530-4
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,
andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,
orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationin
thisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material
containedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremains
neutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Contents
The Nexus Approach as a Tool for Resources Management
in Resilient Cities and Multifunctional Land-Use Systems... .... 1
Stephan Hülsmann and Mahesh Jampani
How to Integrate and Balance Water, Soil and Waste Expertise
When Realizing the Corresponding Nexus Approach.. ..... .... 15
Johan Bouma
NutrientRecoveryforUseinAgriculture:EconomicAssessment
of Decentralized Compost Business Model in Nairobi . ..... .... 25
Solomie Gebrezgabher, Avinandan Taron, and Sena Amewu
Sustainable and Safe Use of Wastewater for Food Production
in Peri-urban Areas of Karnataka, India ... .... .... ..... .... 39
Girija Ramakrishna and Matti Hanisch
Usefulness of Surface Water Retention Reservoirs Inspired
by ‘Permaculture Design’: A Case Study in Southern Spain
Using Bucket Modelling ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 57
Immo Fiebrig and Marco Van De Wiel
Multifunctional Historical Data for Improved Management
of Reservoirs . .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 81
Joseph Sang and Caroline Maina
Economic Valuation of Environmental Services Associated
with Agriculture in the Watershed of Lake Lagdo, Cameroon ... 93
Dorothe Yong Ngondjeb and Elias Ayuk
The Energy-Water Nexus in Iran: The Political Economy
of Energy Subsidies for Groundwater Pumping.. .... ..... .... 107
Tinoush Jamali Jaghdani and Vasyl Kvartiuk
Political Economy of Energy Subsidies for Groundwater
Irrigation in Mendoza, Argentina . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 129
Félix Sebastián Riera and Bernhard Brümmer
Rural Resources (including Forestry) in the Local Development
of Low Carbon Economy: A Case Study of Poland... ..... .... 147
Paweł Wiśniewski
v
vi Contents
Opportunities and Challenges to Adopting Sustainable
Watershed Management Interventions: An Overview
of Experiences from Ethiopia. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 165
Gebreyesus Brhane Tesfahunegn and Elias T. Ayuk
The Potential Contribution of Cultural Ecological Knowledge
to Resources Management in a Volcanic River Basin.. ..... .... 185
Vicky Ariyanti, Peter Scholten, and Jurian Edelenbos
Nexus-Oriented Approach for Sharing Water Resources:
Development of Eco-Industrial Parks in the Catchment
of Zayandeh Rud River, Iran. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 203
Janis von Koerber, Wolf Raber, and Petra Schneider
City-to-City Learning Within City Networks to Cater City
Needs to Climate Adaptation—Results
of a Preliminary Study. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 223
Wolfgang Haupt, Chris Zevenbergen, and Sebastiaan van Herk
A Participatory Multi-Stakeholder Approach to Implementing
the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development: Theoretical
Basis and Empirical Findings. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 239
Sebastian Eichhorn, Moritz Hans, and Martin Schön-Chanishvili
The Nexus Approach as a Tool
for Resources Management
in Resilient Cities
and Multifunctional Land-Use
Systems
Stephan Hülsmann and Mahesh Jampani
Abstract lier, here, we explore how the Nexus
Approach may provide solutions for manag-
The Nexus Approach to environmental
ing resources in multifunctional land-use
resources management is increasingly recog-
systems and resilient cities. In fact, the
nized as an important vehicle to achieve
resources perspective is essential for holistic
sustainabilityasspelledoutintheSustainable
management of water, soil and waste along
Development Goals (SDGs). In particular, it the urban–rural axis. Peri-urban areas provide
was argued that the Nexus Approach is key
perfect examples of multifunctional systems
for the sustainable use of environmental
withmanyfoldopportunitiestoclosingcycles,
resources under conditions of global change improve resource efficiency and mitigate
and provides a tool to deal with challenges of
trade-offs. Cases described in this book
global change including climate change,
provide both positive as well as negative
urbanization and population growth. Building
examplesofwhatcanbeachievedbyapplying
on conceptual considerations with regard to
nexus thinking and what goes wrong if you
monitoring and implementation outlined ear- don’t.Keymessagesemerginginclude:(i)par-
ticipatoryapproachesareacentralelementfor
successful implementation of a nexus
S.Hülsmann(&)(cid:1)M.Jampani approach,(ii) effectivemechanisms ofknowl-
UnitedNationsUniversity,InstituteforIntegrated edge transfer are a prerequisite of adoption
ManagementofMaterialFluxesandofResources and upscaling of nexus approaches and
(UNU-FLORES),Ammonstraße74,01067Dresden,
(iii) the lack of economic incentives and lack
Germany
of data represent major challenges for the
e-mail:[email protected]
implementation of a nexus approach. Overall,
S.Hülsmann
the importance of a nexus mindset of all
GlobalChangeResearchInstitute,TheCzech
AcademyofSciences,Bělidla4a,60300Brno, stakeholders involved in nexus cases and of
CzechRepublic providing an enabling environment by
M.Jampani nexus-oriented governance, including appro-
TechnischeUniversitätDresden,Instituteof priate economic instruments, was confirmed.
GroundwaterManagement,01069Dresden,
Germany
Keywords
M.Jampani (cid:1) (cid:1)
InternationalWaterManagementInstitute(IWMI), Rural–urbannexus Participatoryapproaches
(cid:1)
127SunilMawatha,Pelawatte,Battaramulla, Knowledge transfer Economic incentives
Colombo,SriLanka
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021 1
S.HülsmannandM.Jampani(eds.),ANexusApproachforSustainableDevelopment,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57530-4_1
2 S.HülsmannandM.Jampani
1 Introduction Institute for Integrated Management of Material
Fluxes and of Resources (UNU-FLORES), put-
The increasing human pressures on limited ting special emphasis on water, soil (basis for
resources available on planet earth is pushing food and biomass production) and waste, which
governments to look for sustainable natural is interrelated with water, soil (e.g. composting),
resource management approaches and to deal butalsotoenergy(KurianandArdakanian2015;
with the interdependencies, synergies and trade- Hettiarachchi and Ardakanian 2016a; Man-
offs in resource management. Therefore, “the nschatz et al. 2016).
nexusismorerelevantthanever”asstatedinthe Overall, “the nexus is fundamentally about
second chapter of this volume (Bouma 2021). resourcerecovery,closingtheloopandcapturing
Givingproofofthisstatementisoneofthemajor thetrueefficiencygains”(Scottetal.2015)andit
aims of this book. We do so paying special isalsoaboutmitigatingtrade-offsandpromoting
attention to a resources-oriented view of the synergies. As such, the Nexus Approach thus
nexus concept and to practical applications both represents a path towards sustainability and
in a rural and urban context. indeed its relevance for sustainable development
Within the last decade, the nexus concept has and a transition to green economy was a major
evolved as an integrative approach that bridges focus of the Bonn 2011 nexus conference (Hoff
the gaps between sectors and considers inter- 2011), which marked an important milestone for
related resources in an unbiased way to achieve the Nexus Approach to become an internation-
sustainable resources management. It builds ally recognized concept. Since 2011, the Nexus
upon earlier integrative concepts, e.g. Integrated Approach has consolidated and diversified while
Water Resources Management, IWRM (Global acknowledgingthatthebasic conceptisfar from
Water Partnership (GWP) 2009), which still had new. The Nexus Approach to the sustainable
a single-resource perspective, and various management of water, soil and waste as pro-
simultaneously evolving research initiatives and moted by UNU-FLORES emphasizes the inter-
management concepts, which eventually con- relatedness of these three environmental
verged into the nexus approach/concept. Men- resources along with the cycle of research to
tioned for the first time in relation to resources implementation. This “Dresden Nexus” concept
management during the 1980s, the term nexus promoted in particular in the Dresden Nexus
gained prominence in this context particularly Conference (DNC) series, which so far had
since the year 2000 (Scott et al. 2015). Many issues in 2015 and 2017 (Dresden Nexus Con-
authors, building on the seminal papers of Hoff ference 2017) and again in 2020, is strongly
(2011), World Economic Forum (2011) and related to the WEF Nexus (Hoff 2011) but
Bazilian et al. (2011) emphasized the water- emphasizes on the resources perspective (Het-
energy-food (WEF) nexus, which represents a tiarachchi and Ardakanian 2016b). Increasingly,
comprehensive concept and captures the inter- another dimension, namely the ecosystem per-
linkages of water, energy and food at multiple spective isadded to the WEF nexus, making it a
levels.Liuetal.(2018)exploredtheWEFnexus WEFE nexus (e.g., Hülsmann et al. 2019).
toachievevarioussustainabledevelopmentgoals
(SDGs) and they also explained the complex
2 The Nexus Approach as a Tool
couplings in the human-nature systems. Bleis-
to Cope with Global Challenges
chwitz et al. (2018) discussed the interlinkages
between the resources (water, energy, food, land
and materials) and SDGs for developing a Focusing on the challenges posed by different
resource nexus perspective (Bleischwitz et al. aspects of global change (climate change,
2017). This resources perspective has also been urbanization, population growth) on environ-
emphasized by the United Nations University mentalresourcesmanagement,aseriesofpapers
TheNexusApproachasaToolforResourcesManagement… 3
collected in relation to the first DNC conference Ardakanian (2018a) as a contribution to the
explored how a Nexus Approach may help to secondDNCin2017.Inthatbook,withregardto
cope with them (Hettiarachchi and Ardakanian the monitoring aspect, Bringezu (2018) empha-
2016b). Obviously, the challenges of global sizestheneedtoaccountformaterial-,land-and
changeareinterrelated,inparticularurbanization water consumption as well as greenhouse gas
and population growth (Fig. 1), while climate emissions (the “Four Footprints”) and develop
change is interrelated in a complex way to both respective monitoring strategies at the global
of them. A strong relation can be drawn via level for sustainable resource management.
resource use and availability. A clear conclusion Pikaaretal.(2018)showhowthesefootprintsare
by Hettiarachchi and Ardakanian (2016b) was interlinked in the nitrogen cycle and argue that
that applying the Nexus Approach is key for the there is an urgent need to develop a circular
sustainableuseofenvironmentalresourcesunder nitrogen economy and bring the nitrogen cycle
conditions of global change to achieve the Sus- into balance with water and carbon cycles.
tainable Development Goals (SDGs, United Implementinganexusapproachnotonlyrequires
Nations 2015). The sustainable management of to monitor physical entities (environmental
environmental resources is of particular rele- resources), but also the involved stakeholders
vance for goal 2 (end hunger and achieve food and their interactions, which could possibly be
security), goal 6 (sustainable management of done via social network analysis (Kurian et al.
water and sanitation), goal 7 (energy security), 2018). Since implementation hinges on stake-
goal 11 (resilient and sustainable cities), goal 12 holders, it can effectively be facilitated by par-
(responsible consumption to reduce our ecolog- ticipatory approaches, following established
ical footprint) and goal 15 (sustainable use of frameworks and using appropriate tools (Smajgl
terrestrialecosystems),butstronglinksexistalso 2018).Creatingtherespectivenexusmindsetand
to less resources-related SDGs (Bringezu 2018). awareness can be supported by serious games
Clearly, sustainable resources management addressing nexus problems (Mochizuki et al.
has to be based on effective monitoring mecha- 2018). Another key aspect for nexus implemen-
nisms. Only when consistent data on resource tation is integration across levels, scales and
stocksandflowsareavailable,wecanimplement regions.Sucha“verticalnexus”canbeachieved
integrated management strategies required for through mainstreaming, e.g., aligning planetary
achieving SDGs. Some key elements of moni- boundaries of nitrogen consumption with
toring and implementation strategies for a nexus respective regional, national and subnational
approach were elaborated in Hülsmann and thresholds and policies (Hoff 2018).
Fig. 1 Recorded and projected change in global urban 2030, the inner box gives the total urban population for
population (population in millions): The bars give data these years; data source UN population data (https://
separated per continent for the years 1950, 2000 and population.un.org/wpp/)
4 S.HülsmannandM.Jampani
3 The Nexus Approach largeextentstemmingfromruralareas.However,
for Managing Resources at the same time they are primary producers of
in Multifunctional Land-Use many secondary resources, which are often con-
Systems and Resilient Cities sidered as ‘waste’ and dissipated into the envi-
ronment as urban dwellers and local decision
Aiming at concrete cases of nexus implementa- makers are unable to recognize the value in it
tion, while considering the conceptual outlines and/or lack the capacity to treat them appropri-
explored in Hülsmann and Ardakanian (2018a), ately (Agudelo-Vera et al. 2012). With the
in this volume we specifically look at examples increasing globalization, urban pressures and
for multifunctional land -use systems and limited resources availability, cities need to con-
resources management in resilient cities. This sider sustainable recovery and reuse options of
focus should allow demonstrating the close link the resources generated from human and indus-
between the Nexus Approach to the sustainable trialactivities.Foranycitytobecomeresilient,it
management of environmental resources and the needs to take care ofits environmentalresources
related SDGs, evident in particular along the in the urban and peri-urban landscapes in an
urban–peri-urban–rural landscape continuum efficient manner. Cities often neglect their peri-
(see Fig. 2). urban landscapes, which are multifunctional in
With multifunctional land-use systems, we nature and supply multiple resources to the city.
refer mainly to resources management in rural The adoption of a nexus approach in cities will
areas and respective ecosystem services, increase their resilience and support sustainable
acknowledging that multifunctionality can also development by enhancing opportunities for
be found and achieved in urban and particularly human well-being, livelihoods,etc.(Fig. 2).
in peri-urban systems. In fact, peri-urban areas In general, it seems clear that a focus on
provide one of the best examples of multifunc- resources and the respective SDGs is a strong
tional land-use systems, combining various uses integrator along the rural–urban conundrum.
andsectorssuchashousing, agriculture,forestry Discussing ways how the application of a
(Rodenburg and Nijkamp 2004). While putting Nexus Approach may help to achieve these
emphasisonfunctionsandservicesrelatedtothe SDGs implies focusing on monitoring and
mentioned SDGs (mainly provisioning services implementation strategies as outlined above.
for food, feed, energy, water), the full range of Specific nexus strategies have to be defined for
ecosystemservices,includingalsoregulatoryand resource problems such as inefficiency in
maintenance as well as cultural services (classi- wastewater treatment, air pollution, unstructured
fication of ecosystem services according to urban infrastructure, etc. in the urban centers to
CICES (nd)) should be considered when dis- increase resilience. In rural and peri-urban areas,
cussingmultifunctional land usesystems (Zhang multifunctional land use systems are good
and Schwärzel 2017). It is increasingly recog- examples for implementing integrated resources
nized that a nexus approach neglecting ecosys- management (Zhang and Schwärzel 2017).
tem services would be incomplete and Local planners and decision makers working
misleading (Hülsmann et al. 2019). Adopting a towards integrated resources management in
nexus approach will lead to sustainable resource cities and multifunctional land use systems will
use and preserving the natural (rural) environ- ultimately contribute to environmental prosper-
ment (Fig. 2). ity and economic growth. Moreover, developing
When dealing with resources management in governance frameworks for integrated resources
resilient cities, more emphasis should be placed management in cities and multifunctional land
ontheprovision,recoveryandreuseofresources use systems can create incentives for resource
and the respective infrastructures. Cities are the recovery and efficiency. This requires consider-
mainconsumersofmanyprimaryresources,toa ing the economic and social dimensions for the
