A New Species of Goniozus from Thailand (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

7 Pages·1993·0.4 MB·

by  Gordh, G

139
A New Species ofGoniozus from Thailand
(Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)
GORDONGORDH
DepartmentofEntomology,UniversityofQueensland.Brisbane,Qld.4072,Australia
BOONGEUAWITETHOM
DepartmentofBiology.PrinceofSongklaUniversity,HaadYai,Songkla,Thailand90112
ABSTRACT.Goniozusthailandensis,newspecies,isdescribedasaparasiteofsapodil-
la fruitborer, Nephopierixsp. inThailand.Taxonomic affinities and character!;oredis
cussed.
INTRODUCTION
Studies on pests ofsapodilla revealed a fruit-boring phycitinc moth (Witethom &
Silawatchananai 1991).SpecimensofthemothwereprovisionallyidentifiedasMussidia
peciinicornella Hampson. Subsequently, the pest was identified as Nephopterix sp.
(Pyralidae: Phycitinae. Michael Shaffer, in Hit.; Marianne Horak, in litt.). Acomplex of
parasitic Hymenopteraisassociated with themoth.Withinthiscomplex wehavediscov
eredseveralnewspeciesofGoniozus. Anameismadeavailablefor 1 speciestofacilitate
publicationofdetailsregardingitsbiology.Theotherspecieswillbedescribedwhenbet
terpreservedmaterial isavailable.
Goniozusthailandensis Gordh &Witethom.n.sp. (Figs 1-16)
Female: 3.75 mm long (holotype). Body predominantly black; clypeus reddish
brown, apical margin darker; metasternum reddish brown with posterior margin black.
Antenna dusky yellow, apical segment very faintly infuscate in some plays of light.
Mandible black, ventral tooth dark reddish brown. Coxae and femoraconcolorous, dark
reddish brown; tibiae and tarsomeres yellowish tan, concolorous with antenna; tarsal
claws (unguis) black. Forewing weakly embrowned; hindwing hyaline; forewing costal
andsubcostal veins reddishbrown,remainingveinspalecolored;pterostigmablackish.
Body in lateral aspect (Fig. 1) somewhat compressed; head prognathous. Head in
dorsal (frontal) aspect (Fig. 2) about 1.10x longer than wide; polished, with very weak
reticulate microsculpturc on clypeus and area immediately dorsad; medial margins of
compound eyes not straightorparallel; surfaceofhead with sparsevestitureofshallow,
setigerous punctations; setaeon vertexal margin weaklyrecurved and notconspicuously
largerthanothersetaeon head; vertexal margin verybroadlyrounded,withoutindication
ofa carina; surface anterior of median ocellus developed into a narrow, elongate, very
shallow sulcusevident in certain playsoflight; lateral ocellus lessthan ocellardiameter
from vertexal margin. Clypeal margin broadly rounded, nearly truncate (Fig. 3); fronto-
clypeal median longitudinal carinaweakly developed and restricted to clypeus (Fig. 3).
Scrobal impression shallow, short with dorsal margin broadly rounded and not well
defined.
Head in lateral aspect (Fig. 4) about 1.7 x longer than wide, polished, with a few
setaearoundcompoundeye. Compoundeyenearlyasetosewith minute, verysparseves
tureofsetae;setaeevidentonlyathighmagnification.Mandiblessymmetrical,eachfour-
toothedwithuppermosttoothbroadlyrounded,adjacenttoothnarrowlyrounded,penulti
matetoothconicalandlowermosttoothpointed(Fig.5);dorsomedialmarginofmandible
with arowofshort,thickenedsetae; ventral margin ofmandible withconspicuousvesti
ture of pale setae. Antenna as illustrated (Fig. 6); flagellar segments with multiporous
140 Proceedings ofthe Hawaiian Entomological Society Vol. 32
Figs. 1-8. Goniozusihailandensis females. 1.Lateralaspect.2.Head,dorsalaspect.3.Clypeus.4.
Head,lateralaspect.5.Right mandible,dorsalaspect.6.Leftantenna,medialaspect.7.Leftantcn-
nuF7-9, medialaspect.8.LeftantennaF10-II,medialaspect.
Gordh & Witethom:New Thailand Gonioxus 141
Figs.9-16.Gottiozusthaitandensis.9. 9 mesosoma,dorsalaspect.10. 9 mesosoma,lateralaspect.
11. 9 forepretarsus, lateralaspect. 12. 9 forepretarsus.ventralaspect. 13. 9 propodeum,dorsal
aspect.14.O* apicalsternum,ventralaspect. 15. 9 leftforewing.16.cf genitalia.
142 Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society Vol. 32
plate scnsilla (MPS) weakly developed on all flagellar segments (Figs. 6-8); MPS not
conspicuous with LM and fiberoptic illumination, notstronglyelevatedorwell defined
with SEM;chaetotaxy as illustrated (figs.6-8). Maxillarypalpus with Ssegments; labial
palpuswith3segments.
Mcsosoma in dorsal aspect (Fig. 9) with pronotum moderately setose, weakly,
minutely anduniformly reticulate. Mesoscutumsparselysetose,smooth,polishedexcept
weak, minute reticulate sculpture lateral of parapsidal sutures. Parapsidal sutures very
weaklydeveloped(obliterated)andevidentonlyincertain playsoflight. Scutellumwith
sparse vestitureofsetae; polished; scutellar pits weakly developed, narrow, oblique and
connected by very narrow, fine, transverse groove along transscutal suture; well-devel
opedcompoundpitalongextreme lateral margin. Metanotum formingathin, transverse,
polished, asetoseband; transverse pit in lateral areamoderatelydeveloped. Mesopleuron
(Fig. 10) with moderate vestiture of long, pale setae along ventral surface; anterior,
oblique (longitudinal) sulcus narrow but well defined; pleural fovea somewhat small.
Melasicrnum with moderate vestitureoflong,palesetae. Forewing(Fig. 15) very weak
lycurvedorbentatlevelofpterostigmathusconformingtoshapeofgastralnotum;basal
veinshort,notforminganarcolct. Ventralsurfaceofcoxaeandsternalelementsofthorax
with rather dense vestiture ofpale setae. Prctarsus shagreened (Fig. II); claws "bifid,"
each with a subapical, broadly truncate tine; arolium large with ventrobasal setae (Figs.
11.12).
Propodeum in dorsal aspect(Fig. 13) with a few minutesetaealonglateral margin;
spiracleinconspicuous,obliquelyslit-like,andpositionedalonganterolateralmargin;dor
salsurfacelackingelevatedantcromedial trianglebut medialsurfacepolishedandbroad
ly arched, remainder ofdorsal surface weakly and finely reticulate; Lateral and dorsal
faces delimited by fine or weakly developed transverse carina, sometimes evanescent
medially;lateralfaceentirelyreticulate.Posteriorfacewithafewminutesetaealongante
riormargin,surface finely, weaklyreticulate.
Metasoma polished; respiratory spiracles on terga I—VII. typically concealed on
anterolateralpartofsclente,tcrgum I spiracleexposed,largest.TergumIIwithtransverse
lineofshort, pale setae about halfway between anteriorand posteriormargins, setae not
on dorsomedial portion of tergum; terga III with similar vestiture of setae, but setae
longer; tcrgum IV-VI withvestitureofmoderatelylongsetaealongposteriorhalfofeach
tergum. Sternum I with moderatevestitureofrather longsetae; sterna II—IV each with a
fewtransverserowsofsetaealongapical margin; apical sternumsetoseexceptbare lon
gitudinal medialstripe. Monostylousapexconspicuouslysetose.
Male:2.9mmlong(allotype).Smallerbutsimilartofemaleinhabitus;clypcusnear
lyblack; mandiblepale brownwithteethdark reddishbrown; forecoxaconcolorouswith
proepisternum, remaining leg segments pale yellowish brown; forewing weakly
embrowned; hindwinghyaline. Head indorsal aspectslightly widerthanlong;ocelli dis
proportionatelylargerthanfemaleocelli;lateralocellusadjacenttovertexalmargin.Head
in lateral aspect with compoundeyedisproportionately larger than femaleeye. Antenna
similarin formtofemaleantenna, with MPS evanescent. Subgenitalshieldconspicuous
lysetose with medial notchalongposteriormargin (Fig. 14).Genitalia(Fig. 16) as illus
trated.
Thespecificepithet,tliailandensis,honorsthecountryofThailandwherethisspecies
wasdiscovered.
Variation:Thefemalebodylengthrangesfrom2.9S-5.0mm. Severalspecimensin
thetype-seriesdisplayreddishbrownbodycoloration;bodypartstypicallyreddishbrown
may be yellow; the clypeus may be reddish-yellow while the remainder ofthe head is
darker. These color differences are probably due to fixation in alcohol while the speci-
Qordh & Witethom:New Thailand Oonlozus 143
mcnswereteneral.Thus,somefemalesdisplay aheadorbody which ispalebrown.The
male body length ranges from 2.85-2.93 mm. The range is notably less in males than
females. Several males in the type-series are pale brown and a few display mandibles
nearly yellow.This may beanartifactoffixationofteneralspecimens.
HOLOTYPE: Intact, card-mounted female with collection information reading:
•THAILAND. Songkla, Yo Island; 27-IX-1989, Boonguea Witethom; Reared from
Sapodilla fruit borer larva, Nephopteryx sp. (Lep., Pyralidae); Goniozus lhailandensis
Gordh &Witethom. HOLOTYPE."
ALLOTYPE: Intact, card-mounted male with collection information reading:
'THAILAND, Songkla, Yo Island; 27-IX-1990. Boonguea Witethom; Reared from
Sapodilla fruit borer larva, Nephopteryx sp. (Lep., Pyralidae); Goniozus thailandensis
Gordh &Witethom. ALLOTYPE."
PARATYPES: 35 card-mounted females and 7 card-mounted males with the same
labelinformationastheholotype;31 femalesand 1 maletaken27-IX-1989,withthesame
label information astheprimary type.The wingsand antennaeof6femalesand2males
have been dissected and mounted in Canada Balsam. Six females and 1 male beendis
sectedandmountedonSEM stubs.Severalspecimenstakenwiththetype-serieshavenot
beendesignated asmembersofthetype-seriesbecausetheyarc in poorcondition.
Holotype (TI3450) and allotype (T13451) deposited in Queensland Museum,
Brisbane. Twenty-three female and 2 male paratypes deposited in University of
Queensland Entomological Collection, Brisbane.Two female paratypeseach,in the fol
lowinginstitutions:AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory,NewYork;AustralianNational
Insect Collection, Canberra; California Academy ofSciences, San Francisco; Canadian
National Collection, Ottawa; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University,
Cambridge; SouthAfrican National InsectCollection, Pretoria. Remainingspecimensin
thecollectionsoftheauthors.
DISCUSSION
The bethylid fauna of southeast Asia is poorly known. Goniozus is cosmopolitan
with about 145 nominal species, but no species has been described from Thailand or
Burma.Weknow fewreports intheprimaryzoological literatureofGoniozusfromthese
countries.Pruthi & Mani (1942)reportthatGoniozusmontanus Kiefferwasmovedfrom
southIndiatoBurmaandbecameestablishedondefoliators.NospeciesofBethylinaehas
been reported fromThailand.
TheGoniozusfaunaofIndiaincludes 29describedspeciesand2species areknown
fromChina(Gordh&Moczar 1990).Kurian(1952.1954,1955)describedseveralspecies
ofGoniozusfrom Indiaandpreparedakeytospecieswhich wassubsequentlyrevisedby
Ram & Subba Rao (1968). Our new species runs to G. philippinensis Ashmead or G.
borneanus Cameron in the key to Oriental Goniozus (Ram & Subba Rao 1968).
Unfortunately,thecolorationcharactersoflegsandantennaeusedinthekeyarevariable.
Also, Ram & Subba Rao had notexamined the types ofthesespecies andthus affinities
aredoubtful.
Ram (1969) described G. delhiensis based on material from Delhi, India. Samad
(1973)described G. rugosusbasedon material fromKarachi,Pakistan.Themandiblesof
bothspeciesarcdescribedastridentate,withthemandiblesofrugosusapicallyasymmet
rical. Wehave not seen material ofeitherspecies.Thetridentatecharacteris veryunusu
al forthegenus.
GoniozuspakmanuswasdescribedfrommaterialtakeninRaiwind(Qasur),Pakistan
(Gordh 1984), G. sensorius from material takenat Madras, India(Gordh 1988a); andG.
keralensis from material taken at Kerala, India (Gordh 1988b). Features are provided in
144 Proceedings ofthe Hawaiian Entomological Society Vol. 32
Table 1 which separate G. tltailandensis from these species. The clypcus and occipital
carinaearereliablecharacters forseparatingmanyspeciesofGoniozus. Propodeal sculp
tureand carinaearealso important throughout thegenus.The development ofa median
longitudinal carina and transversecarina separating the dorsal and posteriorfaces ofthe
propodeumareuseful at thespecies level. Inaddition, G. iliailandensisand G. sensorius
antennae display similar evanescent multiporous plate sensilla but the relatively small
scutellarpits and weak transverse scutellarsulcusofiliailandensis furtherseparate the 2
species.
Table 1.DiagnosticcharactersforspeciesofGtmiozus(99)-
Mandible Clypeal Vertex Propodealtriangle/
Species (color,teeth) carina margin carinae(median,posterior)
dellriensis reddishbrown.3 acuic 9 welldeveloped/?
keralensis dusky,4 acuie nearlyacute welldeveloped/present;
weak
pakmunus amber,4 acute notacute weak/absent,weak
butcomplete
rugosus darkbrawn.3 7 •> 7
sensorius yellow,4 acute acute welldeveloped/complete.
complete
lhailandensis black.4 weak broadlyrounded absent/absent,incomplete
Comparing tltailandensis with other Oriental species is tenuous and misleading
because type-specimens are not available for study, keys are flawed and many original
descriptionslackadequatedetail.FiveorientalGoniozusspeciesareknownonlyfromthe
male,andthese males may beconspccific with named females.
ThepupalcocoonofG.sensoriusistypicallybrownbutoccasionally whitecocoons
are produced. We have only seen brown cocoons produced by G. iliailandensis. The
cocoon of both species is relatively tightly woven. All members of a brood construct
cocoonsofthesamecolor. Eachindividualconstructsacocoon; thecocoonsformacom
pactmass.Eachindividualcontributesafewthreadswhichbindallofthecocoonstogeth
er.Eachcocoon isabout2timeslongerthanwide.Adultsemergefromtheendnearestthe
headofthedeveloping pupa.
Bethylids frequently display modifications on the pretarsus. These features have
been used taxonomically in some bethylid studies (Evans 1978; Krombein 1987), but
have been generally ignored. Future studies should analyze this character complex.
SculptureofthepretarsusisdistinctivewithSEMbutnotLM.Thetruncatesubapicaltine
ontheprctarsi ofG. sensoriusand G. iliailandensisis not apparent with LM, butdevel
opmentis similarin the male and female. Thelinedevelops fromtheunguis andnotthe
arolium (Figs. II, 12). The functional significance ofthis character state is not under
stood.
LITERATURECITED
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27,332 p.
Gordh,G. 1984. Goniozuspakmanus(Hymenoplera: Bethylidae),anewspeciesimport
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Gordh, G. 1988a. A new species of Goniozus Fflrster from India (Hymcnoptera: Beth-
Gordh & Witethom:New Thailand Goniozus 145
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Ram, A. 1969. Description ofGoniozusdelhiensis. n. sp. (Belhylidae: Hymenoptera), a
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tera). Bull. Entomol. 10: 68-70.
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(Bethylidae: Hymenoptera),aprimary larval parasiteofStomopleryxnerleria(Mey-
rick) in South India and a revised key to the oriental species of Goniozus Fbrsler.
Bull. Entomol. 8(1967]: 73-78. 6 figures.
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corneila Hampson (Lcpidoptera: Pyralidae), on unripe Sapoditla fruit. Songklan-
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Manuscriptsubmitted:6Aug. 1993
Manuscriptaccepted:5Nov. 1993