Table Of ContentPROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
109(4), 2007, pp. 897-908
A NEW SPECIES AND SPECIES DISTRIBUTION RECORDS OF
NEOLEUCINODES (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE: SPILOMELINAE)
FROM COLOMBIA FEEDING ON SOLANUM
SP.
Ana Elizabeth Diaz and M. Alma Solis
(AED) Programa de Manejo Integrado de Plagas, CORPOICA, C. I. Palmira,
Colombia (e-mail: [email protected]); (MAS) Systematic Entomology Labo-
ratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, c/o
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012,
MRC DC
168, Washington, 20013-7012, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected])
—
Abstract. Neoleucinodes silvaniae, n. sp., from Colombia, is described. The larvae
feed on the fruit of wild Solanwn lanceifolium Jacq. Adults and larvae of the new
species are figured. The new species is compared to Neoleucinodes elegantalis
(Guenee), a major pest of tomatoes throughout South America. Neoleucinodes
prophetica (Dyar), TV. imperialis (Guenee), and A^. torvis Capps are reported from
Colombia for the first time.
Key Words: Colombia, Solanum, Solanaceae, larvae, morphology
Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenee, study on the distribution and biology of
N
1854), the tomato fruit borer, causes elegantalis associated with cultivated
economic loss throughout South America and wild solanaceousspeciesinColombia.
in crops of solanaceous vegetables in- In addition, this is theonlycomprehensive
cluding tomato, Solanum lycopersicwn L., re-examination of Neoleucinodes species
eggplant, Solanum melongena L., pepper. and its description since Capps (1948).
Capsicum annuwn L., and tropical sola- In this paper, the presence of A^.
naceous fruits such as the tomato tree, elegantalis in Colombia was confirmed,
Solanum betaceum Cav., and naranjilla, a new species was discovered, and is
Solanum quitoense Lam. In Colombia A^. named here, and three other species of
elegantalis was the only species of this the genus were discovered. The adults
genus reportedin the literature to occurin and larvae of the new species are de-
warm and cold climates (Viafara et al. scribed below and compared to and/or
1999) primarily as a pest of solanaceous differentiated from N. elegantalis.
crops (Gallego 1960, A.L.A.E. 1968,
Sanchez 1973, Posadaet al. 1981, Gallego
Material and Methods
and Velez 1992). Capps (1948) reported
A^. elegantalis from "San Antonio," de- Solanaceous fruits infested with larvae
partment unknown, in Colombia. were collected from 50 localities and 15
Capps (1948) described and revised departments in Colombia and taken to
Neoleucinodes, and described several new the laboratory in Palmira (COPROICA).
species and closely related genera. The Fifty percent of the larvae from each
first author (AED) conducted the first locality were boiled and placed in vials
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 1-2. Male adult dorsal view. 1, Neoleiicinodes silvaniae. 2, A^. elegantalis.
with 30% ethanol. The other fifty percent Eighty-eight male and female genitalic
of the infested fruits were placed in preparations (50% males, 50% females)
separate rearing containers where larvae were made from different species feeding
matured and pupated within cocoons in on different host plants. The abdomen of
paper towels. After emergence, the moths the adult was removed, cleared in 10%
were frozen, wings were spread, and KOH, transferred to 15% ethanol, and
specimens were labelled. The specimens brushed to remove scales. Then they were
are deposited at COPROICA in Palmira. stained with chlorazol black and the
—
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 4
excess color removed with clove oil. Euleucinodes conifrons Capps, and Leu-
Before slide mounting in Canada Balsam, cinodes orbonalis (Guenee) from Africa,
thecloveoilwas removedwith Histoclear. the latter a pest ofsolanaceous crops that
Observations were made using a Wild has been intercepted at U.S. ports. Only
M5
dissecting microscope and a Leitz the host plants and larvae of A^. elegan-
Laborlux-S compound scope. Measure- talis and L. orbonalis are known, there-
ments made using an external ruler (Wild fore the immatures of the new species
Heerbrugg Switzerland - 310345) includ- were compared only to these two species.
ed female genitalic structures, forewing
length, and labial palpal length. Specifi- Results
cally, the length of the bursa copulatrix In Colombia, Neoleucinodes is now
(from the ostium bursae to the anterior comprised of five species. Their distribu-
end ofthe corpus bursae) and the length tions and known hosts within Colombia
ofA7, length from the ductus seminalisto and in South America have been ex-
the anterior end of the corpus bursae, panded. Neoleucinodes elegantalis, the
from the intersegmental part ofA8 to the only previously known species in Co-
anterior margin ofthe A7, and lengths of lombia, was collected in the three Cordil-
the anterior and posterior apophyses. A leras of the Andean region and the
camera lucida was used to make sketches northern Caribbean region ofColombia.
of the third labial palpal segment of the It has been reared on five cultivated and
adults, and its length was indirectly seven wild solanaceous species. The new
measured from the drawing. The fore- species described below, from Dept.
wing length was measured from the base Cundinamarca, was reared on 5'. lancei-
to apex, and the width was measured folium; Neoleucinodes prophetica collect-
from the costal margin to posterior ed in Darien, Dept. Valle on January 5,
margin along the median line. 2006 at an altitude of 1,539 m was reared
The following abbreviations are used: on Solanum umbellatum Mill; A^. imper-
National Museum of Natural History, ialis collected in Algeciras, Dept. Huila
Washington, D.C. (USNM); Entomo- on February 15, 2006 at an altitude of
logical Museum, Agronomy Faculty, 2,248 m. was reared on Solanum sub-
National University of Colombia, Bo- inernie Jacq; and TV. torvis collected from
gota (UNAB); National Taxonomic Col- Jardin, Dept. Antioquia on February 9,
lection of Insect "Luis Maria Murillo" 2006 at an altitude of 2,282 was reared
(CTNI). Morphological terminology is on Solanum rudepannum Dunal.
according to Munroe and Solis (1995)
and Maes (1995) for the adults and Stehr Neoleucinodes silvaniae Diaz and Solis,
(1987) for the larvae. new species
The diagnosis ofthe new species below (Figs. 1, 7, 9, 11-12, 14, 16-19, 24-25)
includes only derived characters or sy- —
napomorphies. The adults of the new Diagnosis. Third segment of labial
species were compared to closely related palpus in TV. silvaniae short, less than
species from the Western Hemisphere of 0.4 mm, in both sexes. Female scape red
Neoleucinodes (N. elegantalis (Guenee), dorsally, male scape white dorsally.
N. dissolvens (Dyar), N. prophetica Abdomen grey and whitish. Forewing
(Dyar), TV. torvis Capps, and A^. imper- length 2.2 cm in females and 1.7 cm in
ialis (Guenee)), and to species in re- males.
lated genera, Proelucinodes melanoleuca Adult. Head: Frons round, red; ocel-
Hampson, P. xylopastalis (Schaus). In li posteriorly surrounded by white scales;
addition, the adults were compared to chaetosema with red and white scales.
900 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 3-6. 3, Female, Neoleucinodessilvaniae. 4, Female, A^. elegantalis. 5, Male, A^. silvaniae. 6, Male,
A^. elegantalis [arrow = third labial palpal segment].
Antenna with female scape dorsally red, from each anterolateral side of metascu-
laterally red and white; male scape white tum. Legs: Front coxa with white, red,
with some red scales dorsally (Figs. 7, 9). and yellow scales. Front femur white
Labial palpus red; both sexes with third with red and black-tipped scales; front
segment of labial palpus short. Third tibia with black scales on base and white
=
labial palpal segment in female scales on apex; front tarsus white and
0.4 mm (n = 1) (Fig. 3), in male = pretarsus with black empodium; mid-
0.1 mm (n = 1) (Fig. 5). Maxillary and hindlegs white with some red scales
palpus short in both sexes. Patagium on tibial base; last two tarsal segments
with red and white scales. Tegula mostly yellow in color. Wings {¥\g. 1): Forewing
black with red scales, posteriorly with with hyaline scales, white at margins;
brown-tipped scales, reaching posterior length = 9.5 mm, width = 3.25 mm (n =
margin of metathorax. Prothorax: Red, 4); scales red, black-tipped at base of
black- tipped scales, anterolaterally with wing. Hindwing with black discal spot
two small black spots. Mesothorax: and postmedian line. Golden yellow at
Scales red, black-tipped. Mesoscutellum apex in radial area and at margin
with two tufts of red and black-tipped (Fig. 1). Abdomen: First tergite white,
scales on anterolateral corners. Meta- second and third tergites with varying
thorax: Dorsally white with two tufts of amount ofgolden-yellow, red, and black
red and black-tipped scales protruding scales, with some white at medial line
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 4 901
Figs. 7-10. Antennal scape (arrow). 7, Neoleiicinodessilvaniae, female. 8, A^. elegantalis, female. 9, A^.
silvaniae, male. 10, N. elegantalis, male.
and distal margin, abdominal sternites Body with conspicuously pigmented pi-
white; distally curved dorsally in both nacula, particularly on mesothorax
females and males of live adults. Male (Fig. 16). Head yellow with dark reticu-
genitalia (Fig. 11): Tegumen with anteri- lations. Posterior margin of cephalic
or margin completely sclerotized; fibula capsule with black pigmentation. Stem-
simple with base not hollow, closer to ma 2 closer to 1 than to stemma 3.
valval base than to apex. Apex of valva Stemma black, arranged in normal arc.
truncate, sclerotized costa extending 3/4 Seta SI on median line connecting center
of valva length; cornutus of aedeagus of stemma 2 and 3. Prothoracic shield
bladelike, curved slightly apically dark brown with strong dark marking,
(Fig. 12). Female genitalia (Fig. 14): Os- shield sclerotized with reniform spot and
tium bursae membranous, bow-shaped, with extended dark brown reticulations
with large aperture; anterior and poste- posterior to XD2 seta. Dorsal anterior,
rior apophyses short, approximate same dorsal posterior, and middle central
length (0.7 and 0.6 mm, respectively (n = areas of prothoracic shield with dark
1)); bursa copulatrix (ductus + bursae) brown, poorly defined reticulations. Two
three times length ofA7; signum absent. pores between setae Dl and XDl, and
— mm
Larva (Figs. 16-19.). 6 8 long between Dl and D2. Prothorax with
(last instar) (n = 1), body smooth, beige. prespiracular setae, LI and L2, and two
902 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
valva
cornutus
12
posterior
posterior
apophyses
apophyses
ostium
bursae
ostium
bursae
Figs. 11-15. Genitalia. 11, Male Neoleucinodes silvaiiiae. 12, Male aedeagus TV. silvaniae. 13. Male
A^. elegantalis. 14, Female TV. silvaniae. 15, Female TV. elegantalis.
—
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 4 903
subventral setae SVl and SV2. Meso- A^. elegantalis females (Figs. 7-8). In A^.
thorax and metathorax with one sub- silvaniae the ostium bursae is membra-
ventral seta, SVl. A3 to A8 with SDl nous, bow-shaped, and has a large aper-
seta on pinaculum dorsal to each spira- ture (Fig. 14). Neoleucinodes elegantalis
cle. Seta SD2 present and easily visible, also has a large aperture, but it is
borne on pigmented pinaculum anterior sclerotized and cup-shaped (Fig. 15).
to spiracle (Fig. 19). Seta LI close to L2 The anterior and posterior apophyses in
in same pinaculum below and anterior A^. elegantalisare approximately twice the
position in relation to spiracle. A9 with length ofapophyses in A^. silvaniae. In the
D2, Dl, SDl and LI, on same large, male genitalia (Figs. 11-13), TV. silvaniae
highly sclerotized pinaculum (Fig. 18); has a tegumen with the anterior margin
L3 present, LI and L2 absent. Crochets completely sclerotized, but it is complete-
on prolegs of A6 triordinal, oriented ly membranous in TV. elegantalis. Al-
mesally; an incomplete circle, interrupted though the fibula is closer to base than
outwardly on lateral margin. to apex of the valva in both species in
Biology. Neoleiicinodes silvaniae was comparison to other species in the genus,
reared on a wild solanaceus fruit, Sola- the fibula ofTV. silvaniaeis simple with the
rium lanceifolium Jacq., called "una de base not hollow, and in TV. elegantalis it is
gato" in Spanish by the local farmers bulky, with a hollow base. The apex of
(Figs. 24-25). One fruit supports only the valva is truncate in TV. silvaniae, and
one larva of TV. silvaniae. The infested round in TV. elegantalis. The cornutus of
fruits have a scar that corresponds to the the aedeagus is bladelike in both species,
oviposition site, and the larva makes an but in TV. silvaniae the apex is less curved
exit hole before pupation. The larvae of that inTV. elegantalis. The larva (Figs. 16-
A^. silvaniae are parasitized by Copido- 19) of TV. silvaniae has conspicuously
soma sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). raised, sclerotized, pigmented pinacula,
—
Distribution.^ Colombia, Department and the pinaculum color is different from
Cundinamarca. the adjacent body color, particularly on
—
Type material. Holotype male, Co- the mesothorax where the pigmentaton is
lombia, Cundinamarca, Vereda San Luis brownish. Neoleucinodes elegantalis pina-
Bajo, Finca Villa Gloria. 4°42'15.2"N cula are usually concolorous with the
m
74-37'6.41"W, 1,641 alt., 24.ii.2005, adjacent body area and only slightly
Ex. Solanum Solanwn lanceifolium Jacq. raised (blisterlike), particularly on the
Collected by A.E. Diaz (Ana Elizabeth mesothorax (Figs. 20-23). The protho-
Diaz) [UNAB]. Paratypes: 5 <?, 1 $ with racic shield ofTV. silvaniae is dark brown,
same data as holotype [USNM, CTNI]. with strong, dark markings, with a scler-
—
Etymology. The species name silva- otized reniform spot and with extended,
niae is the name of the municipality blackish-brown reticulations posterior to
XD2
Silvania, where itwas originally collected. the seta. In A^. elegantalis the
Species comparison.—Externally A^. prothoracic shield is pale yellow with
silvaniae appears identical to A^. eleganta- light brown markings, without a conspic-
lis, but itcan bedistinguished by the short uous blackish, reniform spot posterior to
third labial palpal segment in females and seta XD2. In TV. silvaniae seta SD2 is
males of A^. silvaniae (Figs. 3,5). The present and easily visible with a dissecting
labial palpi in A^. elegantalis are sexually scope on a pigmented pinaculum in front
dimorphic, the females have a long third of the spiracle on A3 to A8. In TV.
labialpalpal segmentandin the males it is elegantalis SD2 is present on A3 to A8,
shorter (Figs. 4,6). The scape color is red but they are difficult to see with a dissect-
in the females ofA^. silvaniae, but white in ing microscope and are not associated
904 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
16
i^i-
%
r--'-
,v. '-^S-
r-^.
%
18 19
Figs. 16-19. Neoleucinodes silvaniae larva. 16, Entire lateral view. 17, Mesothorax with pinaculum
color different from adjacent body color. 18, Pinaculum ofA9 with D2, Dl, SDl and LI setae. 19, Seta
SD2 visible (arrow) on pigmented pinaculum anterior to spiracle on A5.
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 4 905
Figs. 20-23. Neoleucinodes elegantalis larva. 20, Entire lateral view. 21, Mesothorax with pinaculum
color different from adjacent body color. 22, Pinaculum ofA9 with D2, Dl, SDl and LI setae. 23, Seta
SD2 not visible (arrow) anterior to spiracle on A5.
with a pigmented pinaculum. On A9 ofA^. Dl and D2 are separated from SDl and
silvaniae Dl, D2, SDl, and LI setae are LI; neither the pinaculum or adjacent
on the same large pinaculum that is area are visible, but are slightly raised
strongly sclerotized, but in A^. elegantalis (blisterlike).
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
906
