A Multidisciplinary Introduction to Desalination

716 Pages·2022·91.546 MB·English

by  Alireza Bazargan

A Multidisciplinary Introduction
to Desalination
RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN EARTH
AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
SeriesEditors
MedaniP.Bhandari KrishnaPrasadOli
AtlanticStateLegalFoundation GovernmentofNepal,Nepal
NewYork,USA and
SichuanUniversity,China
HannaShvindina and
SumyStateUniversity AkamaiUniversity,Hawaii,USA
Ukraine
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The NEC and You Perfect Together:
A Multidisciplinary Introduction
A Comprehensive Studyt oof Dthees alination
National Electrical Code
Editor
Gregory P. BierAallisreza Bazargan
Electrical DesiRgens Ienasrtcihtuaten,d UDSeAvelopmentManager
NoorVijehCompany(NVCO)
and
AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofCivilEngineering
K.N.ToosiUniversityofTechnology
Tehran,Iran
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Contents
ForewordI xxi
ForewordII xxv
Preface xxvii
ListofContributors xxxi
ListofFigures xxxvii
ListofTables xlix
ListofAbbreviations liii
PARTI: Introduction
1 WaterScarcity:WhereWeStand 3
EricM.V.Hoek
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 GlobalDriversandTrends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 ClimateChange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Urbanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3 WaterasaHumanRight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.4 WaterandConflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 “Food–Energy–Water”Nexus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 ConcludingRemarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
vii
viii Contents
2 AlternativeFreshwaterSolutionstoDesalination 13
ArjenvanNieuwenhuijzen,JaapKlein,CorMerks
andEbbingvanTuinen
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.2 SustainableAlternativestoDesalination . . . . . . . 15
2.1.3 SmartandInnovativeAlternatives . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 IntegratedFreshwaterManagementSolutions . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.2 SolutionsforDeltaAreasandSeasonalDryAreas
inGeneral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.3 SolutionsforAgriculturalAreas . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.4 SolutionsforNaturalReserves . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.5 SolutionsfortheBuiltEnvironment . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.6 AnIntegratedSolution:FreshwaterWetlands . . . . 20
2.3 RainwaterHarvesting:CaptureandUseofRain
andStormWater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.1 IntroductionandPrinciples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.2 BenefitsandChallengesofRainwaterHarvesting . . 23
2.3.3 ComponentsofaRainwaterHarvestingSystem . . . 26
2.3.3.1 Rainwaterharvestingusingnatural
components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.4 CalculatingthePotentialofRainwaterHarvesting . . 28
2.3.5 AdditionalInformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4 ReclamationofFreshUsedWater(GreywaterReuse) . . . . 31
2.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4.2 GreywaterReuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4.3 UsedWaterTreatmentTechnologies . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4.3.1 Physical–chemicalusedtreatment
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4.3.2 Biologicalusedwatertreatment
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5 ConcludingRemarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3 FundamentalsofDesalinationTechnology 41
AlirezaBazarganandBlancaSalgado
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Contents ix
3.3 UnitOperations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4 DesalinationTechnologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.4.1 Thermal(andEvaporative)Technologies . . . . . . 51
3.4.1.1 Multi-StageFlashDistillation(MSF) . . . 51
3.4.1.2 Multi-EffectDistillation(MED) . . . . . . 52
3.4.1.3 ThermalVaporCompression(TVC) . . . 53
3.4.1.4 MechanicalVaporCompression
(MVC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4.1.5 MembraneDistillation(MD) . . . . . . . 54
3.4.1.6 Freezing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.2 MembraneTechnologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.2.1 ReverseOsmosis(RO). . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.2.2 ForwardOsmosis(FO) . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.2.3 Electrodialysis(ED)andElectrodialysis
Reversal(EDR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.3 OtherTechnologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.3.1 HydrateFormation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.3.2 IonExchange(IX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.3.3 CapacitiveDeIonizaiton(CDI) . . . . . . 59
3.4.3.4 SolventExtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.4.3.5 De-Humidification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.4.4 HybridSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4 WaterChemistryandDesalinatedWaterQuality 67
AlirezaBazargan,AmirJafariandMohammadHosseinBehnoud
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1.1 Boron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.1.2 Bromide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.1.3 CalciumandMagnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.1.4 FluorideandOtherSupplements . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.1.5 Organics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.1.6 PotassiumandSodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2 TheCarbonateSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3 WaterHardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.4 SodiumAdsorptionRatio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.5 AcidityandBufferingCapacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81