A Modern History of the Sudan: From the Funj Sultanate to the Present Day

278 Pages·1970·9.218 MB·English

by  P.M. Holt

A MODERN HISTORY OF THE SUDAN

A MODERN HISTORY
OF THE
SUDAN
From the Funj Sultanate to the Present Day
P. M. H O LT
Reader in the History of the Near and Middle East
University of London
W EID EN FELD AN D N ICO LSO N
20 NEW BOND STREET LONDON WI
1961 by P. M. Holt
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY EBENEZER BAYUS AND SON, LTD.
THE TRINITY PRESS, WORCESTER, AND LONDON
17/6929
CO N TEN TS
PAGE
Preface xi
Introduction: The Background to Modem Sudanese History i
CHAPTER
1 The Land and the People 3
The territories comprising the modem Sudan—The
tribes of the Sudas—The ancient trade-routes
2 Before the Turco-Egyptian Conquest 16
The coming of the Arabs—The Funj sultanate—The
Ottoman fringe—Darfur—The establishment of
Islam in the Sudan
P arti: The Turco-Egyptian Period: 1820-81
3 The Inauguration of the Turco-Egyptian Regime :
1820-25 35
4 Settlement and Stagnation: 1825-62 49
5 The Era of Khedive Isma'il: 1862-81 62
Part II: The Mabdist State: 1881-98
6 The Mahdist Revolution: 1881-85 75
7 The Reign of the Khalifa ‘Abdallah!: 1885-98 90
Part III: The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium: 1899-1955
8 The Era of Kitchener and Wingate: 1899-1918 109
9 Revolt and Reaction: 1919-33 125
ro The Rise of Sudanese Nationalism: 1934-52 139
ii Self-Government and Self-Determination: 1933-
1955 159
v
CONTENTS
Part IV : The Republic of the Sudan
12 The Parliamentary Regime: 1956-58 171
13 The Army Coup and Military Government 180
Conclusion
14 Culture and Education in the Sudan 191
Maps 207
Notes 213
A select bibliography of works in English 221
Index 229
vi
ILLU ST R A T IO N S
The Land and the "People
1 Ferryboat at Dongola
(JPboto: Dt J. F. E. Bloss)
2 Saqia beside the Nile in Nubia
(Photo: Dr J. F. E. Bloss)
3 A street in Suakin, die ancient Red Sea port
(Photo: Mr McBain)
4 A market scene in Kasala
(Photo: Mr McBain)
5 Beja tribesmen of the Red Sea Hills
(Photo: Dr J. F. E. Bloss)
6 A family of Baqqara
(Photo: Dr J. F. E. Bloss)
7 Ploughing in die Geaita, die plain between the
White and Blue Niles
([Photo : Mr McBain)
8 A Fur family
(Photo: Dr J. F. E. Bloss)
9 Shilluk in an atnbatch (reed-pith) canoe
(Photo: Dr J. F. E. Bloss)
Under Turco-Egyptian Rule
10 The casde of the kings of Shendi
11 Makk Nasr al-Din (176 w . 1837)
12 Sennarini82i
([Photo: Griffith Institute, Aahmolean Museum)
13 Khedive Isma'il (1830-93)
(Photo: Radio Times Hulton Picture Library)
• •
VU
ILLUSTRATIONS
14 General Charles George Gordon (1833-85)
(Photo : Radio Times Hulton Picture Library)
15 Aba Island in 1852, as seen by Bayard Taylor, the
first American tourist in the Sudan
16 Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha (1769-1849)
{Photo: Radio Times Hulton Picture Library)
17 A slave-raid in southern Kordofan
18 The Palace of the Hükümdars, Khartoum.
(Photo: Radio Times Hulton Picture Library)
The Mabdta
19 The sole document known to be an authentic auto­
graph of the Mahdi. It bears his signature as a
witness above his seal in the bottom left-hand
comer
(Photo: The Director, School of Oriental Studies, Durham
University)
20 The Battle of ‘Abu Klea* (Abu Tulayh, 17 January
1885). The sketch was made by a British officer
present at the engagement
(From Vemer, Sketches in the Sudan)
21 The Khalifa’s House, Omdurman
(Photo : Sudan Embassy)
22 The Mahdi’s Tomb, Omdurman
( Photo : Sudan Embassy)
23 Mahmud Ahmad (c. 1865-1906), a nephew of the
Khalifa ‘Abdallahi
(Photo: The Director, School of Oriental Studies, Durham
University)
24 Umm Diwaykarat, 24 November 1899
The Condominium
25 Sir Reginald Wingate, Bt. (1861-1953)
(Photo : Radio Times Hulton Picture Library)
ILLUSTRATIONS
26 Palace of Sultan *Ali Dinar, El Fasher
{Photo: The Director, School of Oriental Studies, Durham
University)
27 Sir Douglas Newbold (1894-1945)
By courtesy of Mrs K. Terry. {Photo: Elliott it Fry)
28 The Legislative Assembly
{Photo: Sudan Embassy)
29 Sir Robert Howe, the governor-general, announc­
ing the signature of the Anglo-Egyptian Agree­
ment, 12 February 1953
{Photo: Sudan Embassy)
The Republic
50 Independence, New Year’s Day 1956. The flag of
die new Republic hoisted át the Palace in Khar­
toum
{Photo: Sudan Embassy)
51 Sayyid ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi (1885-1959). The
posthumous son of the Mahdi
([Photo : Sudan Embassy)
52 Sayyid ‘Ali al-Mirghani (b. 1879), the head of the
Khatmiyya sect
{Photo: Sudan Embassy)
53 President Ibrahim ‘Abbud (b. 1900)
{Photo: Sudan Embassy)
Foundations of the Futuro
34 A nursery school
(photo : Sudan Embassy)
35 Intermediate schoolboys and their teacher in
Omdurman
{Photo: Sudan Embassy)
36 The main canal of die Gezira Scheme
{Photo: Dr J. F. E. Bloss)
37 President Ibrahim ‘Abbud opens die new railway­
line to Darfur in April 1959
{Photo: Sudan Embassy)
be a*