Table Of ContentA Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National
Nanotechnology Initiative
Committee to Review the National Nanotechnology
Initiative, National Research Council
ISBN: 0-309-66138-2, 200 pages, 7 x 10, (2006)
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A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html
Committee to Review the National Nanotechnology Initiative
National Materials Advisory Board
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
ThE NATIoNAl ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, N.W. • Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National
Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National
Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report
were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CTS-0436444. Any
opinions, fndings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and
do not necessarily refect the views of the National Science Foundation.
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-10223-5
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-10223-0
Cover: Clockwise from top right:
• “Flower Bouquet,” a three-dimensional nanostructure grown by controlled nucleation of silicon carbide
nanowires on gallium catalyst particles. © Ghim Wei Ho and Mark Welland, University of Cambridge.
Reprinted with permission.
• Scanning electron microscopy image of chemical vapor deposition synthesis of carbon nanotubes.
Courtesy of NASA.
• Array of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes grown using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposi-
tion, which is then intercalated with copper to create a composite exhibiting good thermal properties
applicable for chip cooling. Courtesy of NASA.
• Scanning electron microscopy image of hexagonal zinc oxide nanocrystallites. Courtesy of the National
Science Foundation and Yicheng Lu, Sriram Muthukumar, and Nuri Emanetoglu, Rutgers University.
• Scanning electron microscopy image of zinc oxide nanowires grown on silicon in which the average
width of the rods is 40 to 50 nanometers. Courtesy of the National Science Foundation and Yicheng Lu,
Sriram Muthukumar, and Nuri Emanetoglu, Rutgers University.
• “Nano Rings” grown by varying the conditions of chemical vapor deposition synthesis of silicon com-
posite nanostructures. © Ghim Wei Ho and Mark Welland, University of Cambridge. Reprinted with
permission.
• “Transport XI,” part of a series on electron transport in semiconductors, shows electrons that are
launched over a very small range of initial angles, represented by the narrow “stems.” Small initial dif-
ferences in angle grow quickly, as evidenced by the fanning out and branching of electron paths. © Eric
J. Heller, Harvard University. Reprinted with permission.
• Scanning electron microscopy image of an array of carbon nanotubes grown by chemical vapor deposi-
tion. Courtesy of NASA.
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National Materials Advisory Board
500 Fifth Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20001
A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonproft, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars
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Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html
COMMITTEE TO REVIEW THE
NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE
JAMES C. WILLIAMS, Ohio State University, Chair
CHERRY A. MURRAY, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Vice Chair
A. MICHAEL ANDREWS II, L3 Communications Corporation
MARK J. CARDILLO, The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation
CRYSTAL CUNANAN, ReVision Optics, Inc.
PETER H. DIAMANDIS, X PRIZE Foundation
PAUL A. FLEURY, Yale University
PAUL B. GERMERAAD, Intellectual Assets, Inc.
ALAN H. GOLDSTEIN, Alfred University
MARY L. GOOD, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
THOMAS S. HARTWICK, TRW, Inc. (retired)
MAYNARD A. HOLLIDAY, Evolution Robotics, Inc.
RICHARD L. IRVING, Lakewood Village Community Church, Long Beach,
California
DONALD H. LEVY, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago
BETTIE SUE MASTERS, University of Texas Health Science Center at San
Antonio
SONIA E. MILLER, Converging Technologies Bar Association
EDWARD K. MORAN, Deloitte & Touche USA LLP
DAVID C. MOWERY, Walter A. Haas School of Business, University of
California, Berkeley
KATHLEEN M. REST, Union of Concerned Scientists
THOMAS A. SAPONAS, Agilent Technologies (retired)
R. PAUL SCHAUDIES, Science Applications International Corporation
TSUNG-TSAN SU, NanoTechnology Research Center, Industrial Technology
Research Institute, Taiwan
THOMAS N. THEIS, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
Staff
GARY FISCHMAN, National Materials Advisory Board (NMAB), Director
DENNIS CHAMOT, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Acting
NMAB Director
TONI MARECHAUX, Board on Manufacturing and Engineering Design, Past
Director
MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Senior Program Offcer
v
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html
TAMAE MAEDA WONG, Senior Program Offcer
EUGENE J. CHOI, Program Offcer
TERI THOROWGOOD, Administrative Coordinator
COLLEEN BRENNAN, Program Associate
LAURA TOTH, Senior Program Assistant
vi
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html
NATIONAL MATERIALS ADVISORY BOARD
KATHARINE G. FRASE, IBM, Chair
LYLE H. SCHWARTZ, Consultant, Chevy Chase, Maryland, Vice Chair
JOHN ALLISON, Ford Motor Company
PAUL BECHER, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
CHERYL R. BLANCHARD, Zimmer, Inc.
EVERETT E. BLOOM, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (retired)
BARBARA D. BOYAN, Georgia Institute of Technology
L. CATHERINE BRINSON, Northwestern University
DIANNE CHONG, The Boeing Company
PAUL CITRON, Consultant, Minneapolis, Minnesota
FIONA DOYLE, University of California, Berkeley
SOSSINA M. HAILE, California Institute of Technology
CAROL A. HANDWERKER, Purdue University
ELIZABETH HOLM, Sandia National Laboratories
ANDREW T. HUNT, nGimat Company
DAVID W. JOHNSON, JR., Stevens Institute of Technology
FRANK E. KARASZ, University of Massachusetts
CONILEE G. KIRKPATRICK, HRL Laboratories
TERRY LOWE, Los Alamos National Laboratory
KENNETH H. SANDHAGE, Georgia Institute of Technology
LINDA SCHADLER, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
ROBERT E. SCHAFRIK, GE Aircraft Engines
JAMES C. SEFERIS, University of Washington
SHARON L. SMITH, Lockheed Martin Corporation
Staff
GARY FISCHMAN, Director
MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Senior Program Offcer
HEATHER LOZOWSKI, Financial Associate
TERI THOROWGOOD, Administrative Coordinator
vii
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html
Preface
he National Research Council (NRC) was asked by the U.S. Congress to con-
duct the frst triennial evaluation of the National Nanotechnology Initiative
T(NNI);1 assess the need for standards, guidelines, or strategies for ensuring
the responsible development of nanotechnology; and consider the technical feasi-
bility of molecular self-assembly for the manufacture of materials and devices at
the molecular scale. The full statement of task is given in Appendix A.
APPROACH TO AND SCOPE OF THIS STUDY
To conduct this study, the NRC appointed the Committee to Review the National
Nanotechnology Initiative, whose members’ expertise ranged from nanoscale science
and engineering to industrial research and development (R&D) and encompassed
interdisciplinary research, business management, biomedicine and human health,
public and environmental safety, national defense, international benchmarking,
transfer of technology for commercialization, intellectual property issues, and the
societal and ethical implications of nanotechnology; see Appendix B.
To gather information on and gain insight into the multiagency collaborations
and extensive R&D programs associated with the NNI, the committee held a series
of public workshops participated in by members of the broader NNI-related com-
1A review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative by the NRC in 2002 was published in Small
Wonders, Endless Frontiers: A Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (National Academy
Press, Washington, D.C., 2002).
ix
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
