A MANUAL OF THE PUDUKKOTTAI STATE VOLUME I

2004·294.3 MB·English

by  K.R. VENKATARAMA AYYAR

A MANUAL
OF
THE PUDUKKOTTAI STATE

Volume I
(Second and Revised Edition)

EDITED BY
K.R. VENKATARAMA AYYAR

©
DIRECTOR OF MUSEUMS

PUBLISHED BY
DIRECTOR OF MUSEUMS
GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU
2004

A MANUAL
OF
THE PUDUKKOTTAI STATE

Volume I
(Second and Revised Edition)

EDITED BY
K.R. VENKATARAMA AYYAR

©
DIRECTOR OF MUSEUMS

PUBLISHED BY
DIRECTOR OF MUSEUMS
GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU
2004
Second and Revised Edition 1938
Reprint 2004

©

Director of Museums
Government of Tamilnadu

Price : Rs. 190/-

Printed by
Seawaves Printers

No.5, Chockalingam Nagar Main Road,
V. Teynampet, Chennai - 600 086,

Ph : 2432 7060, 2434 7060
THE PUDUKKOTTAI STATE

Volume I
(Second and Revised Edition)

Published under the authority of the Pudukkottai Darbar

EDITED BY
K.R. VENKATARAMA AYYAR

PUDUKKOTTAI
PRINTED AT THE SRI BRIHADAMBA STATE PRESS
1938
* M.A. SIDDIQUE, \as.
Director of Museums
Government of Tamilnadu
Government Museum
Egmore, Chennai - 600 008.

Off : 28193778
© Res : 2620 7277
Fax : [phone],

The Pudukkottai Princely State was keen in preserving the history and
heritage of the State. A museum and the department of Archaeology
were established in 1910 and books were also published on the history
of the State. The first edition of the Manual of Pudukkottai State, Volume
Iwas brought out in 1920 and revised edition in 1938. Volume II of the
Manual was published in 1944. These books are important for the study
of the south Indian History. They are the mine of information for the
history of Pudukkottai region. These books are interesting and
informative and even enlighten Engineering students like me.

These volumes were out of print for a long time and not available for
consultation to the student and scholars. The department of Museums,
Tamilnadu took-up this cause, reprinted and published Volume II of the
Pudukkottai Manual and Inscriptions of Pudukkottai State, in 2002.
When Dr. J. Raja Mohamad, Assistant Director of Museum (formerly
Curator, Pudukkottai Museum) brought to my notice that Volume I of the
Manual is due for reprinting, I was happy to release funds for reprinting
this book as a publication of the department of Museums. This was
possible because of the liberal grants from the Government of Tamilnadu
for reprinting such rare books. Our thanks to M/s. Seawaves Printers,
Chennai for executing the reprinting work of this book.

M.A. SIDDIQUE.
PREFACE.

IN June 1934, the Darbar decided that since the first edition
of the State Manual issued in 1990 was out of date and
also susceptible of considerable improvement, a new and
up-to-date edition should be prepared. Owing to various cir-
cumstances no progress could be made with the work till it was
entrusted to Mr. K, R, Venkatarama Aiyar, B.A. LT, M.B,A.8
‘Head-Master, High School Section, His Highness the Raja’
College, Pudukkottai, in December 1936. The manuscript draft
of the first volume was ready by September 1936, but owing to
the time and labour involved in putting it into its final form,
and to congestion of work in the State Pross, it could not be
published till 1938.

‘The Darbar have exercised close personal supervision over
the work throughout. Most of the chapters were originally
drafted by the Manual Officer himeelf, but Chapter II ‘Flora
and Fauna’ was drafted by Mr. K. R. Srinivasa Aiyar, and
Chapter TV ‘Agriculture’ by Mr. T. 8, Sundaram Aiyar who
waa supplied with necessary information by the Officers of the
Agricultural Department.

‘This volume is to a considerable extent based on the oorres-
ponding chapters of the first edition, though the phraseology hae
undergone considerable modifications. Chapters I and II how-
ever have been rewritten and amplified. ‘The section of
Chapter IIT relating to ‘ Cultural Anthropology’ bas been recast
and includes Chapter XVIII of the old edition. Chapter VII on
‘Trade and Occupation’ contains much entirely new matter.
Chapter XTI an ‘Tocal Self-Government’ contains two new
sections, ‘ Unions and Village Panchayats’ and ‘Rural Develop-
anent Activities.’ Chapters XI (Co-operative Movement), KIX
(Devastanam and Charities), XXI (Winanoc) and XXII
{Museum and Avchwology) are altogether new.
iv PREFACE,

‘The Chapter on General History and the Gazetteer section
have hnd to be considerably amplified and will form the second
volume of this worl

Much care has been bestowed on the selection of illustr
tions to ensmro that they shonld be reproduced in a manner
worthy of the work. ‘The photographs from which they have
been reproduced were supplied by Messrs. K. Venkatarengam
Raju, Museum Curator, and 1. Ganesa Sarma of the Bharat
Studio, Padulkkottai, and the blacks have been prepared by the
Calenttn Chromo-type Ltd. Dr. Stella Krnmrisch of the
Universities of London and Calcutta has plnecd the Darbar
under a debt of gratitude for advice and help in regard to them,

It is impossible to mention all those to whom. the Darbar's
thanks are dine for their assistance, nig special recognition is due
to Mr. K. Venkatnrengam: Raju, Curator of the State Museum,
Mr. N. P. Swaminatha Aiyar, State Archwologist, Mr KR.
Srinivasn Aiyar and Mr. T. S. Sundaram Aiyar, while the
Superintendent of the State Press and his staff deserve to be
congratulated ou their work,

Every effort ls beeu made to make this work accuinte and
complete. ‘The Darbar will be grateful to any one who brings
any errors or omissions to their notice.
CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

1. PHYSIOAL FEATURES.
Position and boundaris (1), Rivers (2), Hills (3).
II, GEOLOGY.

Stratigraphy (4), Topography (6), ‘The Gnoissic or Metamorphic
rocks (6), The Cuddalore series (7), The laterite group (9),
Alluvium (10), Soils (10), Beonomie Geology and Mineralogy—
Granite and Latevite (11), Red jasper (13), Lime, Brick-clay,
Potter's clay, Bangle-earta, Dhobie's earth, arth-salt,
‘Saltpetre (12), Ochre, Jrow, Mica (13),

IIL METEOROLOGY.

‘Btatigtion of average rainfall (14), Season and rainfall (14),
‘Temperature (15), Winds (16), Cyclones (16), Earthquoke (17),
Economia effects of climate—Liability to Famine (17),
Ploods (28), Resuuné (24).

CHAPTER IL.
I. FLORA

Boology (25), Vegetation (27), Forests (28), Economic plania (80),
Cryptogams (92).

Tl, FAUNA,

Mammals—Primates (39), Carnivora (93), Insectivora (35), Chirop-
tera (36), Rodentia (86), Unyuluta (86), Edentate (37), Aves or
Birde-—Pascores or Ferchert (81), Pici (39), Anisodaclylé (40),
Mrorochires (40), Coceyyea (40), Paittaci (41), Striges (41),
Acciprives (41), Columba (41), Prevoecltes (42), Gallina (42),
Gralla (42), Limicola 42), Garvie (48), Steyanopoiles (68),
Herodiones (43). Anserer (44), Pygopodes ($4), Roplilia—
Chelonia (44), Lacertilia (44), Ophidia (48), Amphibia (48),
Pisces (48), Arachnida (48), Myriopoda (49), Moldusoa (60),
Annelida (50), Crustacea (50), Tnsecta—Orthoptera (60),
Dermoptern (61), Newroptera (51), Thysauoptera (51),
Anoplura (61): Rhyncota (68), Tepidtantera (68), Diptera (64),
Hynienoptera (58), Coleoptera (85),

PAGER,

La

25— 93

39 65
vi CONTENTS

PAGES,
CHAPTER III.

THE PROPLE.
1, stamisrwal, 56— 67
Census Statistics (58), Density of Population (57), Migration (69),

Sex (61), Civil condition (62), Langenges (62), Religion (63),
Titerncy (64),

, ANTHROPOLOGY (cULTCRAE). 67— 80
Introductory (67), Customs and manners (68), Villages and
hhoures (68), Dress (69), Ornaments (70), Food (72), Games and

amucomente (73), Superstitions (75), Reaction to the impact of
modem conditions (78).

E nutsTON, 90~101

4, Hindwism—Worahip of the serpent, and of plante and trees (80),
Pitris(81), The worship of the doifds (81), Adoration af a personal
‘god —Image-worship (B1), study of the Darsands, Véddnta, etc.
(89), Jains (88), Bhakti cutt (88), Religious organisations (84),
Worship of totem gods, demons and spirits, and village godlings
(85), Vows (93), Festivals (98).

ii, Mubammadaniam—The five principal acte enjoined in the Qurdn
(95), Principal fenats and fasta (95).

‘ii, Obristianity—Chrielian Missions :
(8) Protestant (99), Other sects (101).

) Roman Catholics (98),

1¥, CASTES AND TRIMES, 101-187

Goveral tendencies (101), Bréhmine (102), Valaiyans (106), Valu-
v4dis (106), Kallors (106), Paraiyans (115), Pallana (113),
Tdsiyars (16), Vellflars (117), Chottis (118), Kemmélans (128),
‘Udeivans (124), Ahambediyans (135), Marsrane (126), Bali
(226), KoSavans (127), Kurumbare (127), Ambsttans (128),
‘Vannins (128), Andis (128), Muttiriyans (128), Pandérams (190),
Shéndns (180), Uppiliyans (180), Kofavane (180), Chakkiliyans
(231), Petnstedrans (181), Réjus (199), Kandy Réide (199),
LAla Kshatriyas (192), Oddas (182), Pallis (198), Tottiyans
288), Vallambuns (194), Urdlis (194), Karumbérattans (135),
Mélakirans (195), Séttane (136), Tédana (Désuria) (136),
Occhana (186), Hamagans (187), Sénaikkudaivéne (187); Vani
‘yeos (187), Sombudavans (137), Pillaipérnns (137),