Table Of ContentLevMichaelandZacharyO’Hagan i
Cadernos de
Etnolingüística
(Série Monografias, 4)
A Linguistic Analysis of Old
Omagua Ecclesiastical Texts
by
Lev Michael
Zachary O'Hagan
University of California, Berkeley
2016
ii ALinguisticAnalysisofOldOmaguaEcclesiasticalTexts
Cadernos de Etnolingüística
ISSN 1946-7095
Editors:
J. Pedro Viegas Barros
Mônica Veloso Borges
Eduardo Rivail Ribeiro
Hein van der Voort
Série Monografias, 4
A Linguistic Analysis of Old Omagua Ecclesiastical Texts
by Lev Michael and Zachary O'Hagan
176 pp.
ISBN 978-0-9846008-3-0
© Lev Michael and Zachary O'Hagan
Wide, non-commercial distribution of this work is encouraged, both electronically and
in print, provided its contents and form remain unaltered.
Available for download at
http://www.etnolinguistica.org/mono:4
Submitted on June 7, 2013
Revised on December 17, 2014
Published on March 7, 2016
Contents
ListofTables vi
ListofFigures vii
Acknowledgments ix
MorphemesandAbbreviations x
1 Introduction 1
2 GrammaticalSketchofOldOmagua 5
2.1 PhonologicalInventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 Person-Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1.1 Paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1.2 VowelHiatusResolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.2 NominalMorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.2.1 Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.2.2 Augmentative&Diminutive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.2.3 NominalPastTense=puRa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2.4 NominalFutureTense=Ra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2.5 Possession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.3 VerbalMorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.3.1 Tense-Aspect-Mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.3.1.1 Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.3.1.2 Imperfective=aRi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.3.1.3 upa‘cometoanend,runout’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.3.1.4 Irrealis=mia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.3.1.5 Certainty=tina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.3.2 DerivationalMorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.3.2.1 Causative-ta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.3.2.2 Applicative=supe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.3.2.3 ClausalNominalizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.3.2.4 ContainerNominalizer-SiRu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.3.2.5 PossessiveNominalizer=yaRa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
iii
iv ALinguisticAnalysisofOldOmaguaEcclesiasticalTexts
2.3 Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.1 BasicClauseStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.2 NominalModification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.2.1 DemonstrativesandQuantifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.2.2 Noun-NounModification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.2.3 ModificationviaNominalizationofStativeVerb . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.3 AdpositionalPhrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.4 Negation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.4.1 ClausalNegatorRoaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.4.2 Privative=1ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.4.3 CoreNegator-s1ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.4.4 Prohibitiveename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3.5 Optativetene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3.6 Interrogatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3.6.1 PolarInterrogatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3.6.2 ContentInterrogative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3.7 Noun-PhraseCoordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3.7.1 CoordinationwithweRanu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3.7.2 CoordinationwithComitative=mukui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.3.7.3 Similative=ya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3.7.4 ExactSimilativemaiRamania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.8 Clause-Linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3.8.1 PurposiveMarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3.8.1.1 PositivePurpose=senuni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3.8.1.2 NegativePurpose=maka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3.8.2 Non-assertiveMarker=RaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3.8.3 TemporalRelations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3.8.3.1 TemporalPosteriority=sakap1R1‘after’ . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3.8.3.2 TemporalOverlap: Point=pupekatu‘when’ . . . . . . 42
2.3.8.3.3 TemporalOverlap: Period=kate‘while’ . . . . . . . . 43
2.3.8.4 ReasonMarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.3.8.4.1 =ikua‘because(of)’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.3.8.4.2 =sep1‘because(of)’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3.9 FocusMarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3.9.1 ContrastiveFocuspuRai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3.9.2 ExclusiveFocus=nani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.3.9.3 VerumFocus=semai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3.10 Non-VerbalPredication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3 TextConventions 51
3.1 MultilinearTextFormat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 OrthographicRepresentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
LevMichaelandZacharyO’Hagan v
4 Lord’sPrayer 58
4.1 BibliographicHistoryandPreviousLinguisticStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.1.1 HervásyPanduro(1787a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.1.2 Adelung(1813) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.1.3 Rivet(1910) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.2 TextoftheLord’sPrayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5 CatechismFragment 66
5.1 BibliographicHistoryandPreviousLinguisticStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.1.1 GonzálezSuárez(1904) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.1.2 Rivet(1910) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.1.3 Cabral(1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.2 TextofCatechismFragment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6 FullCatechism 77
6.1 BibliographicHistoryandPreviousLinguisticStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.1.1 EspinosaPérez(1935) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.1.2 Uriarte([1776]1952a),Uriarte([1776]1986) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.2 TextofFullCatechism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7 ProfessionofFaith 107
8 OmaguaPassagesinUriarte’sDiaries 110
8.1 PartII,Section71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
8.2 PartII,Section82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
8.3 PartII,Section105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
8.4 PartIII,Section13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.5 PartIII,Section28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8.6 PartIII,Section50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.7 PartIV,Section16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.8 PartIV,Section58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
8.9 PartIV,Sections121-122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
8.10 IsolatedLexicalItems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
9 HistoricalContextofOldOmaguaTexts 121
9.1 JesuitInteractionswiththeOmaguainMaynas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
9.2 LanguageandEvangelizationinMaynas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
9.2.1 LenguasgeneralesandlenguasparticularesinMaynas . . . . . . . . . . . 128
9.2.2 JesuitLinguisticsinMaynas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
9.2.3 PracticalLanguageLearningandRelianceonTranslators . . . . . . . . . . 134
9.2.4 EcclesiasticalTextDevelopmentandUse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
9.3 JesuitLanguageUseinOldOmaguaEcclesiasticalTexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
9.3.1 NeologismsinOldOmaguaEcclesiasticalTexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
9.3.2 CalquesinOldOmaguaEcclesiasticaltexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
9.3.2.1 Comitative=mukuiinMannerAdverbialConstructions . . . . . 142
vi ALinguisticAnalysisofOldOmaguaEcclesiasticalTexts
9.3.2.2 FunctionalExtensionof=sui ABLATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
9.3.2.3 Extensionsof=aRi DIFFUSE LOCATIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
9.3.3 SemanticExtensionofLexicalItems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
9.4 LinguisticComparisonofCatechismTexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
9.5 TextHistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
10 Conclusion 164
List of Tables
1 MorphemesandAbbreviationsbyGloss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
2 MorphemesandAbbreviationsbyMorpheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
2.1 OldOmaguaConsonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 ModernOmaguaFreePronounsandPronominalProclitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 OldOmaguaPerson-markersinJesuitTexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 VowelCoalescenceandDeletionPatterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5 ModernOmaguaNounPhraseTemplate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.6 ModernOmaguaVerbPhraseTemplate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.7 ModernOmaguaTenseMarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.8 ModernOmagua-SiRuStems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.9 ModernOmaguaVerbsNominalizedwith-SiRu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.10 ModernOmaguaDemonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.11 ModernOmaguaNon-numeralQuantifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.12 OrderofModernOmaguaNominalModifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.13 OmaguaPostpositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.14 OldOmaguaInterrogativePronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.15 Proto-Omagua-KokamaWordsfor‘why’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1 Phoneme-OrthographyCorrespondencesinOldOmaguaTexts . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2 OldOmaguaFormsContaining<ch> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3 ScribalErrorsintheCopyingofOldOmaguaTexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
8.1 OmaguaLexicalItemsinUriarte([1776]1986) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
9.1 JesuitMissionariesAmongtheOmagua,1621-1768 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
9.2 SummaryofGrammaticalDifferencesBetweenCatechisticTexts . . . . . . . . . . 159
9.3 ReportedAuthorsofOldOmaguaTexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
vii
List of Figures
1 IndigenousGroupsofMaynas,1638-1768(Grohs1974) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
2 EarlyLocationsoftheOmagua,Kokama,Kokamilla,YurimaguaandAisuari . . . xiv
2.1 OldOmaguaVowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
viii
Acknowledgments
Our greatest appreciation goes to the speakers of Omagua with whom we have collaborated in the
documentation and description of their language: Lazarina Cabudivo Tuisima, Manuel Cabu-
† †
divoTuisima,AmeliaHuanaquiriTuisima,ArnaldoHuanaquiriTuisima,AliciaHuaníoCabudivo,
and Lino Huanío Cabudivo. We owe an important debt to Catherine Clark, Edinson Huamancayo
Curi, and Brianna Grohman, who carried out exploratory fieldwork in 2003, 2004, and 2006, re-
spectively, under the direction of Lev Michael and Christine Beier, with funding from Cabeceras
Aid Project. We are grateful to our colleagues in the ongoing documentation and description of
Omagua: Clare Sandy, Tammy Stark, and Vivian Wauters. The current phase of the Omagua doc-
umentation project began in 2009 with the digitization, parsing, and grammatical analysis of an
100,000-word text corpus, in which Marc Januta and Teresa McFarland also played essential
⇠
roles. Field-based documentation was carried out in 2010, 2011, and 2013 with funding from the
National Science Foundation’s Documenting Endangered Languages program (award #0966499
Collaborative Research: Kokama-Kokamilla (cod) and Omagua (omg): Documentation, Descrip-
tionand(Non-)GeneticRelationships).
We also wish to thank our colleagues in the ongoing Tupí-Guaraní Comparative Project at the
University of California, Berkeley, whose work has provided important insights into the linguis-
tic history of Omagua – Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Don-
nelly, Michael Roberts, and Vivian Wauters – as well as Rosa Vallejos, whose work on Kokama-
Kokamilla, Omagua’s sister language, has been critical for interpreting key aspects of the Old
Omaguamaterialswediscussinthiswork.
ix
Morphemes and Abbreviations
Hereweprovideglossesanddefinitionsofgrammaticalmorphemesencounteredinthiswork. For
simplicity, we include only grammatical morphemes that appear in Old Omagua. All glosses of
morphemes that appear in our occasional exemplification of modern Omagua also happen to be
represented here, although the form of the morpheme itself may be somewhat different. Table 1 is
organizedalphabeticallybygloss,andTable2bymorpheme.
Table1: MorphemesandAbbreviationsbyGloss
Gloss Definition Morpheme
1SG.MS Firstsingularmasculinespeech taa/ta=
1PL.EXCL.MS Firstpluralexclusivemasculinespeech tanu
1PL.INCL Firstpluralinclusive yene/yene=
2SG Secondsingular ene/ne=
2PL Secondplural epe/pe=
3SG.MS Thirdsingularmasculinespeech muRa/Ra=
3PL.MS Thirdpluralmasculinespeech Ranu Rana
⇠
ABL Ablative =sui
AND Andative =usu
ALL Allative =kate
APPL Applicative =supe
AUG Augmentative =wasu
CAUS Causative -ta
CERT Certainty =tina
CESS Cessative =upa
COM Comitative =mukui
COORD Coordinator weRanu
CORE.NEG Corenegator -s1ma
DEM.PROX.MS(.PRO) Proximaldemonstrativemasculinespeech aikiaRa
DIM Diminutive =k1Ra
EXST Existential amiti
FOC:CONTR Contrastivefocus puRai
FOC:EXCL Exclusivefocus =nani
FOC:VER Verumfocus =semai
GOAL Goal =supe
IMPF Imperfectiveaspect =aRi
INESS Inessive =1p1pe,=kwaRape
INSTR Instrumental =pupe
x
