Table Of ContentA ‘Light’ Guide to Energy
Savings in Transport
RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN TRANSPORT
TECHNOLOGY
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A ‘Light’ Guide to Energy
Savings in Transport
Conor Molloy, MSc (energy) CEM CMVP MCILT
Member AEE, FTAI, CILT, ZEMO and GLEC
Ireland
River Publishers
Published 2023 by River Publishers
River Publishers
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A ‘Light’ Guide to Energy Savings in Transport / Conor Molloy.
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Contents
Acknowledgements ix
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xv
List of Abbreviations xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Business Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Co-benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Context 5
2.1 Global Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Transport Emissions Around the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 What Is the Transport and Emissions Mix in Your Region?. . 7
2.4 Transport as a System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.1 Where will Jevons Park his paradox? . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5 Personal and Business Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.6 Ecodriving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.6.1 The five golden rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.7 ICE vs. BEV Game Over – Already? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3 Where to Start? 17
3.1 Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2 SBTi Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2.1 Net zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3 Business Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.4 Carbon Offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
v
vi Contents
4 General Approach – ASI 25
f
4.1 Avoid: Travel for Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.1.1 Calculating business travel impacts . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.2 Grey fleet: in or out of scope? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.1.3 Will grey fleet fit in de minimis? . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.1.4 Mileage reduction opportunities: include? . . . . . . 30
4.2 Shift: Congestion and Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2.1 Travel decision tree principles – the five R’s . . . . . 31
4.3 Improve: Energy Use in Cars and Light Duty Vehicles . . . . 32
4.4 What You Cannot Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.5 Helpful Pointers on Cars and Vans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.6 Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5 Policy, Laws, and Audit Standards 37
5.1 Energy Audit Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.1.1 EED 2012 article 8: Energy Audit Annex VI Quality . . 40
5.2 Audit Standards from Around the World
(Our Recipe Books) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.2.1 Australia and New Zealand AS/NZS 3598.3 . . . . . 42
5.2.2 EU EN16247:2014 Parts 1–4 – in revision (2021) . . 42
5.2.3 ISO 50002 energy audits – requirements with
guidance for use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.2.4 Comparing standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.3 Definition of “Transport” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6 Energy Efficiency Objective 45
6.1 Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7 Energy Measurement 49
7.1 Accuracy vs. Available Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7.1.1 How to deal with this level of accuracy or
completeness? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.1.2 Yes, but how do I calculate the fuel
performance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.1.3 What units should we use? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
7.1.4 Handy conversions to use in your presentation
sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.2 Conversions and Bio Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7.2.1 Horses and liquids to energy terms . . . . . . . . . . 59
7.2.2 Energy and the cup of tea (or coffee) . . . . . . . . . 59
Contents vii
7.3 Fuel Stock Reconciliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.4 A Fuel Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8 Activity Data 63
8.1 Passive to Active Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8.2 Where Are They? GPS = Positioning Only . . . . . . . . . 64
8.2.1 CAN = Controller area network . . . . . . . . . . 65
8.3 OBD = On-Board Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
8.4 Telematics Systems: A Generic Guide . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8.5 Sample Telematics Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8.6 Telematics is Only as Good as the Reports
Managers Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
8.7 Energy Performance Indicators (EnPIs) . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.8 Tonne–Km and Passenger–Km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
8.9 Testing Your EnPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8.9.1 How to do regression analysis in excel . . . . . . 74
8.10 Energy Mass Balance – Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.10.1 Where does my money go? . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
9 Site Visit and Communications 77
9.1 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
9.2 Agenda for Your Site Visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
9.3 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
9.4 Example Findings from “Chat” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
10 Identifying Opportunities 81
10.1 Avoid: Tackling Transport Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
10.2 Shifting Transport Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
10.2.1 Cargo bikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
10.2.2 Drone delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
10.2.3 The physical internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
10.3 Improving Vehicle Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
10.3.1 Engine losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
10.3.2 Auxiliaries also known as power take off or PTO . 94
10.3.3 Driveline losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
10.3.4 Traction work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
10.3.5 Hysteresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
10.3.6 Rolling resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
10.3.7 Air drag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
10.4 Passenger Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
10.5 Identifying Opportunities Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
viii Contents
11 Sections on Air, Sea, Rail, and NRMM (Plant) 107
11.1 Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
11.2 Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
11.3 Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
11.4 Plant and Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) . . . . . 114
11.5 Plant Fuel and Activity Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
11.6 Alternative Fuels for Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
11.7 Hydrogen Powered Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
12 New Vehicles Design and Specification 119
12.1 Life Cycle Costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
12.1.1 LCC calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
12.2 EU GPP Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
12.3 Sample New Vehicle Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
13 Alternative Fuels (Electric, Hydrogen, and Biofuels) 125
13.1 Fuel Life Cycle Impacts and Where to Find Them . . . . . 126
13.2 Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
13.2.1 Sources of hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
13.2.2 Uses for hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
13.3 Alternative Fuels Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
13.4 HVO – A No New Infrastructure, Drop in Fuel? . . . . . . 133
13.5 Sum-up of Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
14 Review/Presentation of Findings 137
14.1 EN16247 Content of Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
14.1.1 Listing your opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
14.2 Sustaining the Changes and Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
14.3 ISO50001 to Sustain Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
14.4 Do You Have a Plan? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
15 Conclusion 143
15.1 Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
References and Further Reading 145
Further reading, good websites, programmes, etc. . . . . . . . . . 146
Index 149
About the Author 151
Acknowledgements
Every author is indebted to those who came before them and I am no excep-
tion. Many customers and experts have helped me along the way – too many
to name here.
But I would like to list those organisations and experts you may find
helpful in your work, helping transport operators to become the leaders in
climate action around the world. In alphabetical order:
• AEE: The association of energy engineers and, in particular, Ian Boylan
for opening my eyes to the AEE organisation and its many expert mem-
bers and training courses around the world.
• CEN CENELEC and ISO for the collegiality and contacts around
Europe and the world, without which we would likely never have met
others interested in transport energy efficiency.
• EU Commission for their ongoing efforts to build capacity and knowl-
edge share across member states via the Concerted Action and Joint
Research, we met many like-minded people from diverse ministries and
sectors as a result.
• Ireland’s FTAI, CTTC, and IRHA member companies who operate the
HDVs and enthusiastically adopted our recommendations and imple-
mented them with measurable benefits to their bottom line and Ireland’s
freight emissions.
• REIL and Enprova for funding the ECOfleet programme and its devel-
opment, lessons from which underpin the audit experience in this book.
• Raoul Empey of Sustineo for his insights and discipline with regard to
carbon reporting and climate action to help us improve sustainability in
the sector.
• SEAI, the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, and especially Alan
Ryan for championing the energy and CO savings potential in transport
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