A History of the University in Europe: Volume 4, Universities since 1945

661 Pages·2011·3.034 MB·English

by  Walter Rüegg

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A HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY IN EUROPE
general editor
WALTER RU¨ EGG
Thisisthefinalvolumeinafour-partseriescoveringthedevelopment
oftheuniversityinEurope(eastandwest)fromitsoriginstothepresent
day, focusing on a number of major themes viewed from a European
perspective. The originality of the series lies in its comparative, inter-
disciplinary,collaborativeandtrans-nationalnature.Itdealsalsowith
the content of what was taught at the universities, but its main pur-
poseisanappreciationoftheroleandstructuresoftheuniversitiesas
seenagainstabackdropofchangingconditions,ideasandvalues.This
volumedealswiththereconstructionandepoch-makingexpansionof
higher education after 1945, which led to the triumph of modern sci-
ence.Ittracesthedevelopmentoftherelationshipbetweenuniversities
and national states, teachers and students, their ambitions and politi-
cal activities. Special attention is paid to fundamental changes in the
contentofteachingattheuniversities.
A HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY IN EUROPE
GeneralEditorandChairmanoftheEditorialBoard:WalterRu¨egg(Switzerland)
AndrisBarblan(Switzerland)
AsaBriggs(UnitedKingdom)
AlisonBrowning(UnitedKingdom)
AleksanderGieysztor†(Poland)
NotkerHammerstein(Germany)
OlafPedersen†(Denmark)
HildedeRidder-Symoens(Belgium)
JohnRoberts†(UnitedKingdom)
EdwardShils†(UnitedStatesofAmerica)
JacquesVerger(France)
Thisfour-volumeseries,preparedundertheguidanceofaneditorialboard,
has been directed by the Standing Conference of Rectors, Presidents and
Vice-ChancellorsoftheEuropeanUniversities(CRE),nowEuropeanUniver-
sityAssociation(EUA).TheEUA,whichisanon-governmentalorganization
based in Brussels and Geneva, has over 650 member universities in both
easternandwesternEurope.ItsBrusselsandGenevasecretariatoverseesthe
administrationoftheproject.
The university is the only European institution to have preserved its funda-
mentalpatternsandbasicsocialroleandfunctionoverthecourseofthelast
millennium.ThisHistoryshowshowandwhytheuniversitygrewtoencom-
pass the whole of knowledge and most of the world, how it developed an
intellectualtraditioncommontoallEuropeans,andhowittrainedacademic
andprofessionaleliteswhoseethostranscendsnationalboundaries.
Volumesintheseries
I UniversitiesintheMiddleAges
Editor:HildedeRidder-Symoens
II UniversitiesinEarlyModernEurope(1500–1800)
Editor:HildedeRidder-Symoens
III UniversitiesintheNineteenthandEarly
TwentiethCenturies(1800–1945)
Editor:WalterRu¨egg
IV Universitiessince1945
Editor:WalterRu¨egg
A HISTORY OF THE
UNIVERSITY IN EUROPE
general editor
walter ru¨egg
VOLUME IV
UNIVERSITIES SINCE 1945
EDITOR
WALTER RU¨ EGG
cambridgeuniversitypress
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,
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CambridgeUniversityPress
TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb28ru,UK
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521361088
(cid:2)c CambridgeUniversityPress2011
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2011
PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
AhistoryoftheuniversityintheEurope/editor,WalterRu¨egg.
p. cm.–(AhistoryoftheuniversityinEurope;4)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
isbn978-0-521-36108-8(hardback)
1.Universitiesandcolleges–Europe–History–20thcentury. 2.Universitiesand
colleges–Europe–History–21stcentury. 3.Education,Higher–Europe–History–
20thcentury. 4.Education,Higher–Europe–History–21stcentury. I.Ru¨egg,Walter.
la627.h57 2010
378.409–dc22 2010030058
isbn978-0-521-36108-8Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor
accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto
inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch
websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
CONTENTS
Contributorsandeditors pagexi
Reader’sguide xvi
Bibliographicalabbreviationsusedinthenotes xvii
Foreword xviii
walter ru¨egg (general editor)
Acknowledgements xxiii
PART I: THEMES AND PATTERNS
CHAPTER 1: THEMES 3
walter ru¨egg
Introduction 3
Reformatioinmelius 4
Humanismanduniversityreformthroughdialogue 8
TheliberalreformoftheuniversitiesbySchleiermacherand
Humboldt 11
Expansionand‘democratic’universityreforms,1956–1981 13
Theintroductionofentrepreneurialreformsandthe
destructionoftheivorytower 15
Theuniversitiesandglobalization 22
The‘Americanization’ofEuropeanuniversities 26
Postscript 29
CHAPTER 2: PATTERNS 31
guy neave
Introduction 31
Post-warreconstruction 32
v
Contents
TheexpansionoftheSovietuniversitymodel 35
Thedrivetomasshighereducation 41
Foundationandcreation 48
Regionalization 52
Theplaceofthe‘non-state’sector 54
Thenon-universitysector 56
Caveatsonthesourcesfortheperiod1990–2005 59
Newperspectives 60
Theastoundingvitalityofthenon-universitysector 61
Theclosingofthecircle 63
Thesymmetryofpatterns 64
SelectbibliographyforPartI 65
PART II: STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 3: RELATIONS WITH AUTHORITY 73
walter ru¨egg and jan sadlak
Introduction 73
RecoveryinadividedEurope,1945–1955 74
Emergingnationalandinternationaluniversitypolicies,
1956–1967 95
Expansion,democratization,bureaucratization,
1968–1982 102
TowardsacommonEuropeanmodel,1983–1995 113
Concludingremarks:theuniversities’Europe 118
Selectbibliography 122
CHAPTER 4: MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCES 124
geoffrey lockwood
Introduction 124
Theuniversityasanorganization 125
Imagesofchange 128
Academicstructure 130
Forcesofchange 132
Effectiveautonomy 137
Themanagementquadrilateral 140
Managementandgovernance 144
Resources 150
Managementtechniques 155
Thearrivalofmanagement 159
Selectbibliography 160
vi
Contents
CHAPTER 5: TEACHERS 162
thomas finkenstaedt
Introduction 162
Newquantities–newqualities 163
Staffstructure 170
Theuniversityteacherinthemodernworld 197
Conclusion 201
Selectbibliography 203
PART III: STUDENTS
CHAPTER 6: ADMISSION 207
a. h. halsey
Introduction 207
Persistentinequality 211
Modelsofhighereducation 213
Matriculation 217
Socialselectionbefore1970 223
Socialselectionafter1970 226
Shiftsinthesocialdistributionofopportunity 232
Selectbibliography 236
CHAPTER 7: CURRICULUM, STUDENTS,
EDUCATION 238
sheldon rothblatt
Thewhirligigofchange 238
Responsibilityforcurriculumandteaching 243
Diplomasanddegrees 253
Undergraduatesandpostgraduates 256
Researchandcurricula 262
Thestudentroleinthecurriculum 266
Studentmobility 270
Conclusion 272
Selectbibliography 274
CHAPTER 8: STUDENT MOVEMENTS AND
POLITICAL ACTIVISM 276
louis vos
Introduction 276
Internationalstudentorganizations 278
Divergingmissions(1945–1956) 283
vii
Contents
A‘newstudentmovement’(1958–1969) 288
TheLeninistturnanddecline(1969–1974) 297
Thenatureofthe‘newstudentmovement’ 299
Fightingforfreedom(1956–1989) 303
Beyondthestudentmovement(1974–2000) 312
Selectbibliography 316
CHAPTER 9: GRADUATION AND CAREERS 319
ulrich teichler
Introduction 319
Overalldevelopmentofenrolment,graduationand
attainment 321
VariationsinEurope 324
Distributionbyfieldofstudy 325
Changingdebatesaboutthequantitativeandstructural
relationshipsbetweenuniversityeducationand
employment 327
Degreesandgraduation 335
Graduateemploymentandwork 341
Women’semploymentandwork 353
Expectations,recruitmentandwork 354
Theresponsesofuniversitiestochanginggraduate
employmentandwork 356
Fourdecadesoftrendsandpolicies 362
Postscript:trendsandpoliciessincethe1990s 364
Selectbibliography 368
PART IV: LEARNING
CHAPTER 10: SOCIAL SCIENCES, HISTORY
AND LAW 371
notker hammerstein, with the collaboration of
dirk heirbaut
Introduction 371
Sociology 375
Politicalscience 386
Economics 398
Anthropology/ethnology 405
Geography 408
History 409
Law 414
Selectbibliography 423
viii