A Handbook of Sustainable Building Design and Engineering: An Integrated Approach to Energy, Health and Operational Performance

475 Pages·2009·9.28 MB·English

by  Dejan Mumovic, Mat Santamouris

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A Handbook of Sustainable Building
Design and Engineering
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A Handbook of Sustainable Building
Design and Engineering
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ENERGY,
HEALTH AND OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE
Edited by Dejan Mumovic and Mat Santamouris

publishing for a sustainable future
London • Sterling, VA
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First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2009
Copyright © Dejan Mumovic and Mat Santamouris, 2009
All rights reserved
ISBN: 978-1-84407-596-6
Typeset by Domex e-Data, India
Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge
Cover design by Yvonne Booth
For a full list of publications please contact:
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Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A handbook of sustainable building design and engineering : an integrated approach to energy, health, and
operational performance / edited by Dejan Mumovic and Mat Santamouris.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-1-84407-596-6 (hardback)
1. Sustainable buildings--Design and construction. 2. Buildings--Environmental engineering. 3. Buildings--
Performance. I. Mumovic, Dejan. II. Santamouris, M. (Matheos), 1956-
TH880.H358 2008
721’.046--dc22
2008036286
The paper used for this book is FSC-certified.
FSC (the Forest Stewardship Council) is an
international network to promote responsible
management of the world’s forests.
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Contents
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xiii
List of Contributors xxv
Preface xxxi
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiii
PART I – INTRODUCTION TO COMPLEX BUILT
ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS
Introduction: Setting the Scene 3
Dejan Mumovic and Mat Santamouris
1 Building Sustainable Communities: Combining Social and Physical Perspectives 7
Gemma Moore, Irene Perdikogianni, Alan Penn and Mags Adams
Introduction 7
Background: What is a sustainable community? 7
A multidisciplinary research strategy 8
Investigating the role of space in the construction of place 11
Reflections on processes and outcomes 15
Considerations 16
PART II – ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
Introduction: Towards Zero Carb on Buildings 21
Dejan Mumovic and Mat Santamouris
2 Energy Efficiency and Thermal Envelope 23
Jurij Krope and Darko Goric∨∨anec
Energy efficiency of buildings 23
Energy-saving buildings 24
Construction materials 25
Building envelope 26
Advance construction layer 30
Summary 32
3 Energy Monitoring and Labelling 35
Stefano Paolo Corgnati and Vincenzo Corrado
Introduction 35
Energy assessment methodologies 35
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vi A HANDBOOKOFSUSTAINABLEBUILDINGDESIGNANDENGINEERING
Monitoring heating energy consumption 36
Energy labelling of heating energy consumption 41
Monitoring cooling energy consumption 44
Energy and microclimatic labelling 45
4 Energy Modelling 51
Pieter de Wilde and Godfried Augenbroe
Introduction 51
Energy modelling tools 52
Application in energy efficient buildings 54
Challenges in thermal building engineering 55
Recent initiatives and outlook 58
Conclusions 59
5 Carbon Reduction in Buildings 63
Ian Ward
Introduction 63
Carbon reduction issues to be considered at the early stages of design 64
Methods of approach to reduce carbon emissions 71
Some examples of passive houses in Hannover, Germany 72
6 Renewable Energy Sources and the City 75
Mark Barrett
Introduction 75
What energy services will be required? 78
Energy resources and technologies 78
Planning and implementation 83
Conclusions 88

7 Heat Pumps in City Centre Buildings 89
Djordje Kozic and Darko Goric∨∨anec
Introduction 89
Thermodynamics of the heat pump 90
Ground source heat pumps in city centre buildings 92
8 Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings 99
Christina Diakaki and Denia Kolokotsa
Introduction 99
The evolution and standardization of the life cycle assessment method 99
Goal and scope of life cycle assessment 100
The methodology of life cycle assessment 106
Conclusions 112
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CONTENTS vii
9 CASE STUDY Energy and Environmental Monitoring 115
Alex Summerfield, Hector Altamirano-Medina and Dejan Mumovic
Introduction 115
Research methodology 116
Supplementary research: Indoor environment and mould 123
Discussion 128
10 CASE STUDY Energy Modelling 131
David Johnston
Introduction 131
Forecasting energy use and CO emissions 131
2
Domestic Energy and Carbon Dioxide Model (DECARB) 132
The illustrative scenarios 134
Results of the illustrative scenarios 136
Conclusions 137
11 CASE STUDY Energy Efficient Refurbishment of Buildings: A Policy Context 139
Mark Schroeder
Introduction 139
The German policy landscape 139
Case study: Modernization of dwellings in north Germany 141
Conclusions 151
PART III – BUILDINGS AND ENVIRONMENT
Introduction: Emerging Design Challenges of the 21st Century 155
Dejan Mumovic and Mat Santamouris

12 Urban Climate: Impacts on Energy Use, Comfort and Health 157
Michael Davies, Philip Steadman and Tadj Oreszczyn
Introduction 157
Modifying factors 158
Energy use 160
Health and comfort 162
Conclusions 163
13 Air Pollution and the Urban Built Environment 167
Dejan Mumovic and James Milner
Introduction 167
Urban air-quality management areas 167
Airflow and concentration patterns in complex built environments 172
Relationships between outdoor and indoor air pollution 174
Modelling air pollution in urban buildings 176
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14 Ventilation, Thermal Comfort, Health and Productivity 181
Pawel Wargocki
Introduction 181
Thermal environment 181
Indoor air quality 186
Economic implications 191
15 Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation Modelling 197
Ian Ridley
Introduction 197
Types of application 197
Types of models 198
Validation and testing 199
Creating the model 199
Output and analysis 207
Conclusions 207
16 Moisture Control in Buildings 211
Hugo L. S. C. Hens
Introduction 211
Terminology 211
Water vapour in the air 211
Air and moisture scale 213
Moisture sources 214
Moisture damage 214
Moisture displacement 215
Moisture modelling 216
Moisture-resilient design 218
Case studies 221

17 Natural Ventilation in City Centre Buildings 225
Dejan Mumovic, Oliver Wilton and Sung Min Hong
Introduction 225
Theoretical background 225
Design requirements and site analysis 227
Developing a ventilation design strategy 231
Design performance evaluation 237
Detailed design 239
Installation, commissioning and post-occupancy evaluation 242
18 Mechanical and Mixed-Mode Ventilation in City Centre Buildings 245
Jarek Kurnitski and Olli Seppänen
Principles of mechanical and mixed-mode ventilation 245
Ventilation systems for residential buildings 246
Ventilation systems for non-residential buildings 249
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CONTENTS ix
Ventilation system components 254
Basic design principles of ventilation 257
19 Climate Change and Building Design 263
Steve Sharples and Susan Lee
Introduction 263
Climate change and temperature 263
Climate change and precipitation 266
Climate change and wind 267
Climate change and subsidence 267
Conclusions 268
20 Sustainable Cooling Strategies 271
Thomas Lakkas and Dejan Mumovic
Introduction 271
Developing the sustainable cooling strategy 271
Reduction and modulation of heat gains 272
Direct and indirect ventilative cooling 272
Cooling energy from renewable sources 275
Sustainable distribution systems 276
Low-energy cooling technologies 279
Cooling potential of sustainable cooling techniques 280
Case study: School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES) building 282
Case Study: Portcullis House 284
Case Study: Swiss Re Tower 287
Case Study: National Assembly for Wales – the Senedd 290
Case Study: National Trust Headquarters – Heelis Building 293
21 CASE STUDY Indoor Air Quality in City Centre Buildings 297

Katerina Niachou, Mat Santamouris and Iro Livada
Introduction 297
Airflow in the urban environment 297
Hybrid ventilation systems 297
Experimental indoor/outdoor air quality and ventilation studies in urban buildings 298
Conclusions 309
22 CASE STUDY Indoor Air Quality and Health 313
Marcella Ucci, David Crowther, Steve Pretlove, Phillip Biddulph, Tadj Oreszczyn,
Toby Wilkinson, Glenis Scadding, Barbara Hart and Dejan Mumovic
Introduction: House dust mites, housing and health 313
Study design and methodology 315
Study results 315
Modelling techniques 319
Discussion 320
Conclusions 322