A Handbook of Contemporany Soviet Psychology

903 Pages·1969·52.025 MB·English

by  Michael Cole, Irving Maltzman, Aleksandr R. Luria, A. N. Leontiev

A HANDBOOK
OF
Contemporary
Soviet
Psychology
Editbeyd
MICHAEL COLE ·I RVING MALTZMAN
ForewobryAd . N .L eonefvA ). R .L uriaan)dA .A .S mirnov
BASIC BOOKS, INC.,P UBLISHERS
NEW YORK • LONDON
Thec haptoefrt sh ivso lume
havbee etnr anslfartoemtd h eR ussibayn
RosGal ickmDaanv,iG d.N ichols,
ElkSac humaannd,L ynSno lotarofj.
@ 196B9 Y B A So I Koc s IB N c .
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LibraorfyC ongreCsast alCoagr dN umber6:8 -54138
Manufactuirnet dh eU niteSdt atoefsA merica
DesigbnyeS do phAidel er
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FOR EWORD
A.N .L eont'eAv.,R .L uriaA,. AS.m irnov
IN THI s HandbooofCk o ntempoSroavriPyes ty oclhogSyo,v isecti en­
tsitesa,c ehm ineinnth sifi elpdr,e saeb nrto acdo,m prnesihveveei wo f the
mailnni eso fd evelopamnedtn htce hiaedfv anocfeS so vipesty clhoogical
sciencIena. d diiotnt,h eA mericeadint ohrasv seu ppliae hdsi tiocrailn tro­
ductianodnn otaensd h avoer giaznetdh veo lumiens ucah w aya st og vie
theW estern ar celaedpaeerrr stpvieeoc nS ovipesty choalnodgt yoa llow
hmi tof ollouwpt hleni eosf r esearrecpho ritnte hdve a iroucsh apters.
Thihsa ndboiosak nu nprecedaecnihteevde meinnst c,o paen dd eptihn,
ana reianw hicshc ienctoimfimcu nichaatbsi eoentn o,s atyh lee aisnta,d e­
quatIen.1 959-19a6 t0w,o -volwuomreke ,n teidtP lsycholoSgciiceanlc e
int hUe. S.Sw.aRsp. u,b ilsheidnR, u sisani,nw hiclhe aidnSgo ivepts ychol­
ogisstusr vefyoret dh eciorl leatghueae csc omipslhmeanntdds r ieicotonf
thesicric eenT.h iRsu sisawno rke,d itbeyd,a monogt hetrhsae,u thoorfs
thiFso rewohradss, e rvaestd h be asainsdp oinotfd epartfuorrt hepe r es­
enwto rk.
TheR usisawno rrke presesnutcfiehed l odfsp scyholoagsgy e neprsa­yl
cholo(giytm sa idnvi siionsp)h,yi sologpisccyahlo lopgryo,b leimnts h e
developomfem netn tparlo cesesdeusc,a tiposcnyhoallo ,gp yscyhopathol­
og,ya ndd eefctoogl.yT hep hsyoilogoyfh ighneerr voaucst iwvaistn yo t
inclu;f doleldowtihntegr aidtisoo fnS ovisecite ncieht,a sl onsgni ceb ecome
indepenodfpe snytoc lhogayn d ncoown istteusat s peicadlvi sioin ofp hyis­
ologin yi tosw nr gihtT.hi ss ubidvisiisno onct ustomianAr mye ircaann d
Briistshci encweh,e rteh per oblems troeh glihaetnree dr voaucst iavriet y
parotfg eneprsacylho logiyni tbsr oader seAnmseeir;c aetndih teo hrasv e
thereifnocrle uidnte hidhs a ndbosopke ccihaalp tdeervso tteotd h ien vesti­
gatioofpn s ycphhosyioogilcbaals oefsb ehiavor.
Attemaptta sc qunatigi tnheE nglish-srpeeaadkweiitrnh tg h ei nviegsat-
v
160015
Foreword
VI
toinsb eincga rroiuetbd y S ovipesty chioslhtosag vuen tniolw b eeonf a
relatifvrealgym enntaatruyrT eh.ep resewnotr kh,o wevedrffi,e rfsr om
theisnet hatth aeu thoofrt sh ceh aptperress tehnmeta ibnr ancohfeS so viet
psychoalso gyfa uslp loys sitbhluets;h r ee adweilrlfi nda reliavtecloym ­
pleatcec ouonfwt h ahta sb eeanc complibsySh oevdi pesty cohgioclaslc i­
encweit hitnhp ea sste vedreacla des.
A numbeorfo riingafile lhdasv eem ergienSd o vipesty chioclsaocilgn ece,
dsitiinsgihunigtf rotmh set uodfyp sychoilnoo gtyh ceoru ntrTiheess ci.e n­
tfiic-maitaelraipsptr otaocp hs ycholopgheincoamle na uismt por egelasr d
mentparlo ceasssa e hssi toryi ecsaatlbillshaendd h gihloyr giazneadc tivity
of manna;t ureanloluyg thh,e reftohrpeer ,e sveontl umreep resaenna tts­
tempttoc lartihfeny a tuorfet heh istormiectahlow dh icuhn dreliaelsl
Sovipesty chiocliaonlgv ieagstitons.
Sovipesty chohlaogsny e vearc cepttheeldm iitism posbeydp oisivtsit
desicpirtonosfm entpahle nomeonrba e hiaovra,mi ingi nstteoaf da thom
thepihry siolmoegcihcaanli Tshmisvs.o lumtehe refocroeni tnacsh apters
whicdhe monsthroawmt uec hp sychioclsaoclgi enbceen efiftrsos mt uidnyg
thdey namoifct sh heg ihenre rvopurso cesusnedsei rnltgyh eb ehiavoorf
animaalnsdm an.
Int hsee ctdieoanl wiitnhgt hper obloefmg se neprsaylc hotlhorege ya der
wilfiln dc haptdeecrsrsi bnigi nviegsiatotnisn tsoe nsatpieornc,e pmteimo­n,
orya,n dth inkisnugb,j ewcidteslr ye preesdie nnS tovipesty cholsocigeinccael.
Oneo ft hfee atudrsieisn guiSsohviipnesgty choilsot ghyai tta sp proach
tob aspirco blpermosc eferdostm h ceo ncieopontf d evleopmeanptp,l ying
three suflrtosam w ideelxyp andseeidre osf s peciinavlie gsattioontn hse
developomfem enntt aaclt ivFiotuyn.da esdf abra caks t hme iddloef t he
nnietehe cnetntubryty h ger eat Russian physiaonldgo vigeins t Sechenov,
an ewi mpetbuyts h oeu tstaSndoivtnip ges ycholVoyggiostitst, kh ietsaredi ­
tiohnasv beo rnrei cfhri utt;h neu mbeorfc haptdeervso tteotd h dee vleop­
menotf m entparlo ceasnsdet sot hfeo rmiaotonf c omplfeoxr mosfc ogni­
tviea ctivreiflteyct htesu nabatiendt erweitshwt h icthh esber ancohfe s
scienacrebe e ipnugr suientd h Seo viUenti on.
Greaatt tieonintn S oivepts ycholoignsivcteaaitlgi ohnassa lsboe epna id
tot hper obloefmu sn derdevelaonpddm iesnitn tegorfca otginoinpt riovce­
essseost ,h atth ree adweirlfi ln ds urvoefyw so rk detvoon teeudr opsychol­
ogyp,s ychopatahnoddl eofgeyc,t ology.
Thei ntengsriovweot fhS ovipesty cohgioclaslci encwehi,c dhr awisn to
itosr bainte veirn crienangsu mbeorfn ewfi elodfsk nowledogfce o,u rse
makeisti mposstiocb olveeu rn oirfmliyno nev olumaelo lf i tbsr anches
andt or efleaclotlf i trse ceandtv ances.
Theree viesrr ye astoonb eilevheo,w evtehra,bt y c ovienrga,sf uyl als
possitbhleme a,i bnr ancohfeS so vipesty cholosgcniicceeat,lhi sv olume
wills ervietp sri ncippuarlp otsheed: i esmsiniaotonf c orreicntf ormation
Foreword vii
ont hed evelopomfep nsty cholosgciiceanilcnt e h e Sovietc onU­nion,
tributthienrgte boay f urthiemrrp ovemoefnm tu tuuanld erstanadmionngg
thpes ycholoofvg airsitcosou usn tries.
Moscow

EDITORS' PREFACE
A L T H 0 u G H T H E L A s hTa swD iEt nc eAsa sD d erEd a maitni­c
creaisnce o ntabcettsw eWeens tearnndS oviet scientisltisn,­ ideological,
guistaincdc, u ltudriaffle rehnacveceso mbinteodl imtihte e xteanntd
furiutlfneosfss ciefincct oimmunicaTthiiobsno .o kw asu ndertabkee­n
causbeo tthh eA mericeadni taonrdst heSiorv iceoltl eaghuaedes x peri­
encetdh ew asteen gendebryie gdn oraTnhceeb .o oks'tsr ucctaunrb ee st
beu ndersitnoto hdle i gohftp reviaotutse mtpotp sr eseSnotv ipesty cho­
logisccaile ntcoet sh eA mericraena daenrd t her eceinntc reianse ex ­
change of wshciicemhna tdiecs ltesat rhe i nadaecqiueosft hep resent
situation.
Whent hied eoafu ndertatkhiibnsog o kfi rsbte gatnot akfeor m,b oth
editwoerrspe e rsoncaolnlcyed r wnietthh ep robloefmS oviAemte-rican
sciefincct oimmunicaOtnieoo fnt .h eed itoIrrsv,iM nagl tzmwaansd, o ing
reseaornco hr ienrteisnpgo nasnedls e arnwihnigcl he dh imi ntaon a rea
knowtno b eo fg reaitn terteoSs otv ipesty oclhogiUsntofsr.t unya,tt heel
publicoafts ioomnoe f t hper imamrayt eroinat lh is subnjoetcp tro ­did
vidhei mw itthh ed etahieln se edetdoa nsweprr oblermasi sbeydh is
workW.h erwee ret hed etapiulbsl isahnedhd o w cotuhledby e o b­
tained?
Thea nswetrots h easned o theqru estwieornbese insgo ugbhytM ichael
Colweh,o f,ol lowrienlga itneetdr eswtasss, p endaiy nega artt heP scyhol­
ogyD epartmoefnM to scoSwt atUen iversity auunsdpeiroc fett shh ee
SoviAemte-riccaunl tuerxaclh anpgroeg raCmo.lh ea di nfoartmiopnr ob­
lemosf h iosw nh;e h adg onteo M oscohwo pitnogw orko nt heu seo f
conditionemde-trheoflfdeorsx t hes tudyw oorfd -meainnic nhgi ldren.
Somewhtaoht i dsi sym,at hitso pwiacs c onsidmeorreoed r l eswsr apped
upb ye arlrieesre aarncdwh a sn ol ongtehrse u bjoefcc to ncerstteu.ddI yt
wasn ecsesatroyd evelaon pe wr eseaprrcohg rwaimt thh aei odf h issc ien­
ticfia dvisAe.Rr .,L uria.
ix
EditoPrrse'f ace
x
Itw asi nt hicso ntetxhtaP tr ofesCsoolraesn dL urifiar sbte gane xt­o
plowraey osf i mprovtihnergie rs pecctoilvlee akgnuoewsl'e adngdue n der­
standoifen agc oht hewro'rsk .
Sintchea tti maeg ,r edaeta hla so ccurtroei dm promvaet tse:tr hej our­
nalS oviPesty chiaantdrP ys ycholnoogwye ,x pandiendtt ow os eparate
periodibceaglatsno,p ubliisnth h eU nitSetda tSetse,v eanust'h oritative
(isfo mewhat dHaatneddb)oo ofkE xpemrenitaPls ycholaoswg eyl la s
seveortahlei rm portant conbtoeomkhpsao vrbeae reytn r ansliantt heed
SoviUenti oann,ds evemroanlo grabpyhl se adiSnogv ipesctyh ologainsdt s
phyosliogihsatvbsee epnu blisihnEe ndg liPsrho.f esRsaozrr acno ntinues
top ubilsshu revyso fS ovireets eawrhcihlP,e r ofesBsroorza enkd h sic ol­
leagupeesrd iiocarlelivye wa nds ummarbiozoek psu blisihne dE astern
EuropTer.a nslaptrioognr asmusp pordtiecrdte layn di ndirebcytt lhye
FederGaolv ernmceonntt itnoug er owA.n othdeerv elopmneonttt ob, e
overloowkaestd h,ef actth atth eE ighteIennttaehtir nonaClo ngreosfs
Psyhcolo,wg hyicwha sh elidnM oscoiwnt hseu mmeorf 1 966,p rovided
thoep portufnonirut my eropuesr soenxaclh anbgeetsw eSeonv ipesctyh ol­
ogistst haencidor l leafgorume ost hecro unt.r Uinedsoubtedlyo f some
theesxec hancgoenistun edo na ni nforbmaaislsY .e tm anyi naqdueaicerse ­
mainS.i nictew a st he intoeftn htiibsoo no tko r edutchee isnea qdueacies
inc ommunicaittii swo onr,t hiwltheol itshte ams a p arteixapll anaftoiro n
thtee xt ftohlalto ws.
Fristth,e irtseh per obloeflm a nguaWgede o.n omte anb yt hipsr oblems
oft ransliantt hineoa nr rsoewn sael,t hotuhgehes xei bsutrt,a thtehrpe r ob­
lemo fi nterptreertmiwsnh go smee anihnagsa ccruoevdeg re neratiinao ns
theorectoinctatelhx atit ss t ratnogt eh uen iiintateTde.r mssu cahs " excita­
toin,""r eflectainod"n p,s"y chmiics"l euasbd y t hesiere mgi fnamiiltiya;r
thehya vtea keonns pecmieaaln inwghsi cwhe cannotg leeaafsnri olamy
reseaarrcthiw chlieca hs sumoeusrf amliiarwiitttyhh emiera ni(njgu asst
Russiwaonusl bde ,a ndh avbee enm,i slbeydt ool itetrraaln slaotfi ons
"habi"tr,e"a cptoitotenain l,a"n d" cognimtaipv"e)T .o oo ftetnh is lan­
guagper oblheamsl euds t or ejeocutto fh andr eseatrhcahit s i,nf act,
quitceo ngenial.
Secoinsdt hper obloefmr eseasrtcrha ;tt ehgiaysm ounttosa cultural
differenceo nwlhnyio cwhs e emtso b ed isapipnegaa sre acthr adition
accommodtaott heoest heWre.h avien m inhde rteh eSo viperto clitvoi ty
conduct riensa e maarncnhe r deoevmeeridln yf orbmyat lh emiert hod­
consciAomuesr iccaonu nterpraerltisa;no cfet epinls a coendi ndiidvual
subjeocrst msa lglr ouwphso spee rformance tihlecl ounsuctsilroantt hees
authiosir n terested girno.u apCrsoen n ottor fotlei nn cluwdietdrh,e fer­
encbee inmga det oe arloibesre rivoanwtsh iccho nfirtmh seg infiicanocfe
trenodbss erivnet dh per esceanstTe h.i rse seamrocdhes le emtsop arallel
thset ratoefcg liaesss pihcyasli ology.
EditPorraescf'e
xi
Ont hoet hhearn dt,h eirsem ucht hacta nb es aifdro t heaiprpo ractho
researIctahss. s iducoonucse rwni tqhu alitdaettiialvm ea ys uggetshte
preseonfcv eai rablwehsi coht hrewimsieg hbteo veorokledI.te mphasizes
thce omplexiotfti hepesr o cessienosvl veadn dd ecreatsheels i keoloido hf
overegreanloinza antdoi veirmspfilciaotni.
Thes tratoeflg noyg -tearnmdr epeaetxepdme ernitwsi tahs manlulm ber
ofs ubjewchtos reldieamobnlsyt raa pthee mneononc,h aracitceo rfai ts t
leatshtce o ndintiinorge seaprrocvhi,d eisfn ormoantn iota lwaoybst ainable
int hel arge-gfirtfoyu-pm ineuxtpee riment. sRuubnjneticonts gst eady
statiesas sm ucha charaicstteoirfSc ov iecton diotninigs tudaisei sti so f
American coponedrioatnniitsn tgu dies.
Nexitst hree laptroebdl eomft hmea nneirnw hicrhe seairsrc ehop rted.
Neithientr h erierop rtosfi ndiidvueaxlep riemntnsor int hegiern eral re­
veiwa rtidcloSe ovsei tr esehaerrpcsro vidteh e detianifloeridmno a atbout
proceduarnedrs e suwlhtisca hr teh bea ckobneo fW estern sccomi­entific
municna.tI ineo ithcears e stthyilsec ommoufn icatiinotne,np dreiadmr ily
fort heSiorvi ectol leagiuseo stf,e nc onfusintgot heA mericraena der;
IvaonvS-molnesikiw'esl l-knmoewtonhd ofs tudyvienrgb caonld itioning
isn otw elklno wno utisdteh eU .SSR...,a ndm anyo ft he otrheetidciasl­
pute(svo ert hen umbeorfb asitcy peosfh gihenre ruvsoa ctivitthye or
prpoerM arxiisntt eraptnri oeotft hrel oeo fl anguiangt ehde e evlpomenotf
consocuisnessese)lm i tsthloeor ftb izarIrti esp. e rhaipnss trutcoit miavge­
inteh pel igohfot ne o f oSuovri ectol leagtureysit norg e aadn A PA juornal
inw hichhei sl iketloey n ocuntienrt riacragtuem ents orveedcruti nod rive
ort hea ppprroiateonfes smose verbaaslos ciaotnin orm,t hec ontenotf
whicihns eveexrp lained.
Anotheprro bleimsc omprehensivAestn heeds iss.c ounsa sboivei ndi­
cateisti,h s a rtdo understpaanrdot fsts hmpeai tlcul rweit huots moek nowl­
edgoef tchonet eaxntd h sitoorfy tphroeb ledmiss cusIsfte hdme. e aning
oft hoerettiecramalsn dt hjeu sfitciantf ioocre rteaxipne rimteencthanli ques
arhei sritcoadleltye rmitnhegede ,n eosfit sh per obleamr emau sbte u nder­
stooidno rdteroc omprehefnuldlt yh pe urspeoa nds igfincianocfea par­
ticuelxapre rimiennvteaslit noi.g at
Weh avter iteodo veormcet hipsro blebmy i ncluding background and
hiosrticmaalet riianlt h eI notdruicnot,n otesa,n dt heb odyo fi ndiidvual
chaptseor st,ah m aorte c omplesteet tinagg ifvoreren s eaarrcehia sa vail­
ablHei.s troicaanldt hoeriectabla ckgroiunnrfdmo aitno oft hiksi npd,r­ o
vdiinags t hedyo s moe formo fr atniaolse,ho ulmda ket hei ndividual
stuidemso reu nderstatnhdaatnbh leweyo u ldot ehrwibseei fre aidni osla­
tion.
A lasptro bleimst mielineWsitsht. h ea ccelienrgpaa tcoef s cniteific
achievemtehnedt esl,a oyfsy earasn ds moetimdeesc adwehsi chha ve
acocmpanisecide incfitc ommunicaitnit ohnpe a satr en ol nogetrlo erable.
EditoPrrsea'fc e
XII
Almotis netvaibldyu,p ltiicooanfe ffoarntd w astteidm wei lrleu sltf orm a
fewy easr'd elianyc ommunicraetlientvgf a ancatnsdt heories.
Ouri ntteinounp onu ndtearkitnhgi s hanwdabsto ooc kr eaat ter uly
Hegelsiyatnnh esoifcs o mprehecnosvievrea dgetea,i lreedpt onirgo fr e­
seardcehs igannsdr eslsuta ndc otnemporaneoIunso nredsetsroa. c hieve
thegsoea Mlisc haCeoll ien,t he sporf1i 9n6gm5 a,d aes peicatlr itpoM os­
cow, whheem reet wPirtohf esLsuorriLsae ,o 'netvS,m irnaonvdm, a nyo f
thceo tnributtoto hriss voTlhuelm iteos .fc haptaenrdts h eciorn tsew netre
gonoev eirns omed etaiwli,ta hn e yet om akintgh per esetnitouannd er­
stnadabtloep rofessiifuo nnailnt,ie tdri,ea aders. Hiontw heecv oeurr,s e
oft hfeo lloyweianirg,tb ecameev idtet nhatth bee sto fi ntetniocnasn nto
compleotveelryc otmhewe e itgo hfl ontgr aditMiaonnyos f.t haeu thors,
ina ne ffotrota ssuissi tnm akitnhgve o luamsec ompreheanssp iovses, i ble
expandoentd h epirre viwooursku ,s iansga springbaortaircdtl heeshy a d
wrtietfno trh tew o-volPusmyec holSocgiiecnaiclnte hsUe . S.SH.oRw.e v,e r
thdee groefde e tadiildn oatd dv ermyu cht oo ldweorr akn dt hdee scrip­
tioonfns e ww orwke rneo ats e xtensaisvw eeh adh oepdf orA.n dt,r uteo
traditthiaeou tnh,o ardsh erteotd h set yolfte h epirre viworuinstg i.
Sevearuatlh orsa bwletero fie n dt het imteo w rtiea rctliessp ecifically
fotrh viosl ume.
Ina f ewc astehspe r eosfso hterc ommtimendtesyl eadw rtiinogfc hap­
tertsot hpeo itwn herwee f eartehda tth mea terwioaull bde o uttdeaid f
dealyeadn yl ongNeort.w antitnoeg x clutdheim sa terwieab lr,uo gtht o­
gethemrat erpiuabll isihnve adr ious sources aw rheipcrhe spernotvai­des
tipvceit uroef twhoerb ke icnogn sidIenre eadcc.ha soeu rS ovtic eolleagues
werhee lpifnup lr oviudsiwn igtm ha terfioartl h ecsoem piotsaer ticles.
Witrhe spteocs to moef o ura imwsh icwhe rteh bea sisu nfdoterar king
theed intgoi ft hivso lumoeu,rr eacehx ceeoduergd r asIpno. ht err espects
thmea teroibatla inaenddp resehnetreweda sh ighglrtyai fyainndeg x ceeded
oure xpteacotnisM.u cho ft hSeo vtir eeseairsmc ahr ekdb ya higdhe gree
ofi ngenaunidat.nyi nnovacthiavrea tchtaeotru ttsriipstsW estecronut ne­r
parTth.i issa pparbeotnhti nt heex piemrenttcaehln iqaunedis n t hient er­
pretatoiffoenrseS du.ci hn notviaveniesas psp artie nan renaostw elkln own
int hWee sstu,c ahsd evelopmpesnytcahlo laongdiy na, r eatshu oghttob e
knowsnu,c ahsc ontdiionTihngec. o ncewrinti hm potratnv ariaobflm easx ­
imumg neeralliyiz toaubtisiodfte h el abotroa,r tyheu tilizoaftn ioovne l
experitmapelrn ocedaunrdve asr tiiaoonfss a tndaprrdo cedeuvreeinsn t he
casoef c lassciocnatdlii onitnhged, i siinntcailotnoe ngaignep armaetric
sutdioefsu nimptoatrnv arialbalceksgi ennge tryat,lh iseu sitnaeidn vestiga­
tioonfa p roblbeyma ni ndiviidnuvtaegilsat ora,n dt hoeb vioduesd ication
tot hhei ghpersitn ciopfsl ceiste infirce seatrhcawhte s awi no urp ersonal
enocutnerwsi tSho vtii envesttoiragsra ael rle fresshitimnugl,a tainndig m,­
potratna spteoscf t hewiorr k.