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76-11,244
BEUKEMA, Ronald W illiam, 1949-
A GRAMMATICAL SKETCH OF CHIMBORAZO
QUICHUA.
Yale U niversity, Ph.D., 1975
Language, lin g u istics
Xerox University Microfilms,
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED.
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A Grammatical Sketch of Chimborazo Quichua
A D issertation
Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School
of
Yale U niversity
in Candidacy for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
by
Ronald William Beukema
December 1975
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ABSTRACT
A Grammatical Sketch o f Chimborazo Quichua
Ronald W illiam Beukema
Yale U niversity
1975
The study i s a description of the dialect of Quechua
spoken in the Chimborazo province of Ecuador and known
as Quichua. The description is based on tex ts e lic ite d
from native speakers of Quichua. The approach is basically
that of S tra tific a tio n a l grammar. The scope of the
description is wide: phonology, morphology, phrase
stru ctu re, le x o ta c tic s, and semology. As a resu lt
of th is wide coverage, detailed treatm ent of th eo retical
and h isto ric a l problems has been sacrificed except
in those cases where such discussion makes possible
in terestin g and sig n ifican t sim plifications of the
grammar. In addition to the description there is
included a folk tale with a detailed analysis of its
stru ctu re in terms of the methods developed in the
body o f the grammar. Finally there is a short dictionary
th at includes a ll words in the corpus on which the analysis
is based.
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Preface
This d issertatio n grew out o f a desire to work
’in the f ie ld ’ , p a rticu la rly in Ecuador, the land where
I was born but in which I had never had the opportunity
to liv e . My year in the fie ld liv ed up to expectations,
larg ely because of the kindness of many people. The s ta ff
of the Gospel M issionary Union statio n in Colta were
very helpful in providing us with a comfortable home
for eight months and in giving us many opportunities
to meet Quichuas. My inform ants were ex cellent.
I would p a rticu la rly lik e to thank Victor Manuel
Naula S. fo r his p atien t help. One hardly thinks to
thank one’s parents, but la st year I came to be especially
g ratefu l to them as they helped out in many ways.
A fter the year of field work was accomplished we moved
back to New Haven to w rite up the re su lts and, inadvertently,
to learn more about the Quichua language than I had in
the fie ld . Those c h a rac teristics of the academic
environment which made th is year in New Haven so
p ro fitab le are many. Those th at I can mention, I w ill.
F irs t, of course, are the invaluable discussions with
Professors Floyd Lounsbury and Sydney Lamb. I dare say
there were times when they found me try in g , but they stuck
it out with genuine patience, never fa ilin g to come up
with helpful suggestions and re a l in sig h ts. Then there
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iii
were informal discussions with other members of the
faculty and with classm ates. Out of most of those talks
I was able to d is till something th at would c all for
one more re-w rite. For th a t, I'm not sure I'm g ratefu l.
Yale U niversity was helpful in very p ractical ways.
I'm grateful to them for the excellent collection of
Quechua m aterials in Sterling lib rary , and also for th eir
generous adm inistration of NDEA and NDAF funds.
The person who has probably had to to le ra te the most
from my academic lif e is my w ife. Somehow, through six
years of m arriage, a ll of which I have spent in school,
she has made home a good place to come a t the end of the
day. This, in spite of having to move th at home to
Ecuador and back. And our two children certain ly come
in fo r praise at th is point. They were,- and are, little
interested in my shop-talk, so they have taught me how
to put it aside.
New Haven has also been a good home th is la st year
because of the warmth of fellow ship and the p ractical
help of the people in the T rinity Evangelical Free Church.
More important than environment, however, my family
and the C hristian church have given my a reason for
working and a reason for having faith in God. So I
come to dedicate th is work to Marj, K ristie, Peter,
and the Church of C hrist.
Lt
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Contents
Introduction 1
Chapter 1: Phonology 3
110. Phonemes 3
111. A rticulatory chart 3
120. Componential analysis 4
121. Chart 6
122• Contrast 7
123• V ariation 10
124• Determined features 10
130. Clusters 12
131. R estricted phonemes 12
132. Geminate consonants 12
133. Vowel and glide
re stric tio n s 13
134. Nasal assim ilation 13
135. A / and /g / 15
140. Phonological word 15
141. Distribution of phonemes 16
142. N on-contrastive stress 16
143* Contrastive stre ss 17
150. Morphophonemic altern atio n IS
Chapter 2: Morphology 19
iv
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210. M orphotactics 20
211. Roots and stems 21
212. Suffixes 22
a. Verb suffixes 23
b. Noun suffixes 27
213. E n clitics 23
220. Bound morphemes 29
221. vV 29
222. vD 34
223. vl 36
224. vN 33
225. nN 41
226. nV 42
227. nA 43
223. E n clitics 43
230. Word classes 54
231. Pronouns 55
a. Personal 55
b. Possessive 55
c. Demonstrative 56
232. Indefinites 56
233. Q uantifiers 56
234. Numerals 57
235* Negative 53
236. Prohibitive 5$
237. Adverbs 5$
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233. P ostpositions 5*
239* Comparative 59
240. Conjunctions 59
250. za 59
Chapter 3: Phrases 62
310. Noun phrases 62
320. A djective phrases 65
330. Verb phrases 66
331. Complementive 67
332. P redicative 69
333* Quotative 71
340. Nominal phrases 72
350. P ostpo sition al phrases 73
360. Adverbial phrases 74
Chapter 4: Lexotactics 77
410. Simple sentence
411* Predicate 73
412. Subject 31
413• Objects 81
414. Adverbs 82
a • Temporal 83
b. Locative 84
c • Manner 35
d. M otivational 86
e . Accompaniment 87
f . Benefactive 87
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415 • Connectives ##
416. Order and v ariation 90
417* M ultiple constituents 104
420. Compound sentences 10#
430. Complex sentences 111
I 440. Quotative sentences 117
450. Negation 120
460. Interrogatives 123
461, Yes/no questions 123
462* Inform ation questions 125
470. Conditional sentences 126
4#0. Im perative sentences 127
Chapter 5: Semology 12#
510, Role structure 129
511. Quichua ro les 129
512. Adverbials 130
513* Verb suffixes 136
a. naku vV R ecip ro cal’ 136
b* ci vV ’C ausative’ 13#
c. r i vV ’M edio-passive’ 140
520. Location 143
521. nA suffixes 143
522. mu vV ’C islo cativ e’ 14#
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