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A dictionary and grammatical outline of Chakali Jonathan Brindle language African Language Grammars science press and Dictionaries 2 AfricanLanguageGrammarsandDictionaries ChiefEditor: AdamsBodomo Editors:KenHiraiwa,FirminAhoua Inthisseries: 1. Schrock,TerrillB.TheIklanguage:Dictionaryandgrammarsketch. 2. Brindle,Jonathan. AdictionaryandgrammaticaloutlineofChakali. 3. Friesen,Dianne. Moloko. A dictionary and grammatical outline of Chakali Jonathan Brindle language science press JonathanBrindle.2017.AdictionaryandgrammaticaloutlineofChakali(African LanguageGrammarsandDictionaries2).Berlin:LanguageSciencePress. Thistitlecanbedownloadedat: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/74 ©2017,JonathanBrindle PublishedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0Licence(CCBY4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN:978-3-944675-91-6(Digital) 978-3-944675-92-3(Hardcover) 978-3-946234-93-7(Softcover) DOI:10.5281/zenodo.344813 Coverandconceptofdesign:UlrikeHarbort Typesetting:JonathanBrindle,SebastianNordhoff Proofreading: AhmetBilalÖzdemir,AlessiaBattisti,AncaGâță,AndreasHölzl, AneliaStefanova,ChristianDöhler,ClaudioIacobini,EitanGrossman,Elizabeth Zeitoun,JeanNitzke,JeziaTavera,MartinHaspelmath,MelanieRöthlisberger, MichaelMarlo,NealWhitman,RoseyBillington,StathisSelimis,StevePepper, TeresaProto,ValeriaQuochi,WinfriedLechner Fonts:LinuxLibertine,Arimo,DejaVuSansMono Typesettingsoftware:XƎLATEX LanguageSciencePress UnterdenLinden6 10099Berlin,Germany langsci-press.org StorageandcataloguingdonebyFUBerlin LanguageSciencePresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyInternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurateorappropriate. Contents I Introduction 1 1 Generalremarksonthelanguage 3 1.1 Previouswork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Chakalilects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 Languagevitality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4 Datacollectionmethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2 User’sguide 13 2.1 Chakali-Englishdictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1.1 Capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1.2 Prosody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1.3 Scientificname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1.4 Grammaticalcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.1.5 Loansandtheiretymology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2 English-Chakalireversalindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3 Grammaticaloutlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.4 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 II Chakali-Englishdictionary 21 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 dʒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 ɛ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 gb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Contents ɪ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 kp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 ɲ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 ŋm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 ŋ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 ɔ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 tʃ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 ʊ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 III English-Chakalireversalindex 191 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 iv Contents n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 IV Grammaticaloutlines 249 Phonologyoutline 251 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 2 Segmentalphonemesinventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 2.1 Vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 2.2 Consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 3 Phonotactics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 3.1 Syllabletypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 3.2 Sandhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 4 Suprasegmentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 4.1 Toneandintonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 4.2 Vowelharmony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Grammaroutline 301 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 2 Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 2.1 Declarativeclause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 2.2 Interrogativeclause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 2.3 Imperativeclause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 2.4 Exclamativeclause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 2.5 Clausecoordinationandsubordination . . . . . . . . . . 322 2.6 Adjunctadverbialsandpostposition . . . . . . . . . . . 328 3 Nominal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 3.1 Nounphrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 v Contents 3.2 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 3.3 Pronounsandpro-forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 3.4 Qualifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 3.5 Quantifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 3.6 Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 3.7 Demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 3.8 Focusandnegation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 3.9 Coordinationofnominals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 3.10 Twotypesofagreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 3.11 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 4 Verbal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 4.1 Verballexeme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 4.2 Preverbparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 4.3 Verbalsuffixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 5 Grammaticalpragmaticsandlanguageusage . . . . . . . . . . . 442 5.1 Mannerdeictics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 5.2 Spatialdeictics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 5.3 Focus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 5.4 Linguistictaboos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 5.5 Ideophonesandiconicstrategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 5.6 Interjectionsandformulaiclanguage . . . . . . . . . . . 450 5.7 Clicks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 References 453 Index 463 Nameindex 463 Languageindex 466 Subjectindex 467 vi Preface This book presents the first edited compilation of selected lemmas of a Chakali lexical database which I developed over the last 9 years, together with Chakali consultants, while being affiliated to the Norwegian University of Science and Technology(NTNU),Trondheim,Norway(2007-2011,2012-2016),totheInstitute ofAfricanStudies,UniversityofGhana,Legon,Ghana(2012),andtotheUniver- sityofLeuven,Belgium(2016-2017).In2009thefirstversionwasprintedoutand giventoconsultantstocorroborateitscontent.Anotherversionwasdistributed in 2011 in the community schools of Katua, Motigu, Ducie, and Gurumbele as partofaninformalindigenousliteracyawarenesscampaign. The content of this book is based on some parts of my unpublished doctoral thesis (Brindle 2011) and recent publications. While the dissertation’s appendix was expanded to make up the dictionary and the reversal index offered in the secondandthirdpartsofthisbook,thegrammaticaloutlinehasbeencondensed and improved to make up the phonology and grammar sections presented in the fourth part. Although the grammar is written with an academic audience inmind,anaudienceinterestedinGrusilinguistictopics,itdoesnotpresuppose anyknowledgeofanyparticularlinguistictheory.Itshouldneitherbecompared tocomprehensivegrammars,asmanyaspectsarenotthoroughlycovered,norto pedagogicalgrammars,asitdoesnotproposeanyprescriptivestandardsorexer- cises.Thereforethegrammarliesbeyondthescopeofatypicaldictionarygram- mar.TopublishthedatawhiletimeandfundswerestillavailableandChakaliis stillrelativelyvibrantwasfeltmostimperative. Forthosewhoarescepticalaboutthetimeandenergyspentongatheringand writing down linguistic knowledge for an non-literate community, my stand is that if comes a time where a significant minority of the Chakali-speaking com- munitybecomesliterate,thelanguagemighthavealreadychangedconsiderably. Sothematerialmaycontributetoitsstudyorrevival.Furthermore,Iconstantly receive strong recognition of the value of our work by Chakali people who mi- gratedandlongforthingsandsituationsofthepast,andbythelocalauthorities whocanatlastseethattheirlanguagereceivesattention. Makingadictionaryisanever-endingtask,buttheconsultantsandmyselfare proud to present this book, the first on the Chakali language. Being a work in progress, there is much left to do in order to reach a substantial dictionary and grammar of the language. Nevertheless, it is my hope that there will be future workonChakalilexicographyandthatitwillbecarriedoutmainlybythosewho speakthelanguage. JonathanA.Brindle Leuven,Belgium March2017

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491 Pages·2017·6.239 MB·African Language Grammars and Dictionaries 2
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