Table Of ContentSchoolsand Kindergartens- ADesignManual
ForBen(St.MaryleboneSchool,London),Matthew(Christ'sHospital,Sussex)andAmy(preschoolplaygroup,Nottinghill,London)
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A DESIGN MANUAL
Schools and Kindergartens
MarkDudek
CONTRIBUTIONS BY
DorotheaBaumann
MohamedBoubekri
SusanHerrington
SusanneHofmann
NorbertHuppertz
PamelaLoeffelman
HeatherMarsden
ChristinaNiedersUitter
Birkhauser
Basel • Boston • Berlin
Principles of Schools and Kindergartens
9
Preface
Buildingfor Education
10
Historical Paradigms
16
Educational Systems
18
Schools inthe Community
19
School Typologies
Requirements ofSchool Design
22
Spatial Configurations
PamelaLoeffelman
28
Acoustic Design
DorotheaBaumann and ChristinaNiederstatter
34
LightingDesign
Mohamed Boubekri
40
Sustainability
HeatherMarsden
42
OutdoorSpaces
Susan Herrington
46
An Educationalist's Perspective on NurseryDesign
NorbertHuppertz
50
Schools and Kindergartens under Reconstruction
Susanne Hofmann
5
Selection of Projects
NURSERIES AND KINDERGARTENS (0-6years) PRIMARY SCHOOLS (4-12years)
56 74 112 140
BriarHillNursery XiayuKindergarten KingstonInternationalSchool TaxhamSchoolExtension
BriarHill,Northampton,UnitedKingdom QingpuDistrict,Shanghai,China HongKong,China Taxham,Salzburg,Austria
PeterHaddonArchitects AtelierDeShaus Kwong&Associates MariaFlacknerandHermannSchnall
58 76 114 142
KindergartenatSatitBilingualSchool NationalDayNurseriesAssociation MontessoriPrimarySchool KingsmeadPrimarySchool
Patumthani,Thailand Grantham,UnitedKingdom DeEilanden,Amsterdam, Northwich,Cheshire,UnitedKingdom
AviruthCharoensup MarkDudekwith TheNetherlands WhiteDesignAssociates
MichaelStiffandAndyTrevillion HermanHertzberger
62 144
FawoodChildren'sCentre 78 116 PrimarySchoolRolle
Harlsden,London,UnitedKingdom KindergartenJerusalemerStraBe DrukWhiteLotusSchool Rolle,Switzerland
AlsopArchitects Berlin,Germany Ladakh,India Devanthery&Lamuniere
StaabArchitekten ArupAssociates
64 148
SanFeliceNurseryandPreschool 80 120 ThorncliffeParkPublicSchool
SanFelice,ReggioEmilia,Italy SheernessChildren'sand LittleVillageAcademy ThorncliffePark,Toronto,Canada
ZPZPartners FamilyCentre Chicago,Illinois,USA TeepleArchitects
IsleofSheppey,Kent,UnitedKingdom RossBarneyArchitects
68 Architype 150
LavenderChildren'sCentre 122 JubileeSchool
Mitcham,Surrey,UnitedKingdom 82 Ranelagh Brixton,London,UnitedKingdom
JohnMcAslan+Partners EcoleMaternelleZACMoskowa Multi-denominationalSchool AllfordHallMonaghanMorris
Paris,France Dublin,Ireland
70 FredericBorelArchitectes O'Donnell+TuomeyArchitects 154
SondikaKindergarten JockeyClubPrimarySchool
Sondika,Bilbao,Spain 84 124 HongKong,China
EduardoArroyo,No.madarquitectos ShenyangXiaohajin MaryPoppinsPrimarySchool Aedas+DesignConsultants
InternationalKindergarten Berlin,Germany
72 Shenyang,China CarolaSchafersArchitekten 156
HoyleEarlyYearsCentre ShenyangHuaxinDesigners ZurichInternationalSchool
Bury,NorthwestEngland, 126 Wadenswil,Switzerland
UnitedKingdom 86 NorthKildare Galli&Rudolf
DSDHA BubbletectureMaiharaKindergarten EducateTogetherSchool
Maihara,Japan Celbridge,CountyKildare,Ireland 158
ShuheiEndoArchitectInstitute GraftonArchitects SouthBronxCharterSchool
forTheArts
128 HuntsPoint,NewYork,USA
BurrElementarySchool Weisz+YoesStudio
Fairfield,Connecticut,USA
SOM'EducationLab' 160
SPECIAL SCHOOLS (6-18years) HelenS.FaisonAcademy
130 Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,USA
HachoreshSchool PerkinsEastman
ZichronYaacov,Israel
ShimonandGideonPowsner
90 100
BSBODeBloesemSchool KarviaistieSpecialSchool 132
St.Truiden,Belgium Helsinki,Finland WestcliffPrimarySchool
VBMArchitecten KirstiSiven&AskoTakala andAfterSchoolClub
WestcliffonSea,UnitedKingdom
92 102
CottrellandVermeulen
StephenHawkinsSchool OsborneSchool
TowerHamlets,London, Winchester,UnitedKingdom 134
UnitedKingdom HampshireCountyCouncilArchitects JointDenominationalSchool
HaverstockAssociates Sheffield,UnitedKingdom
104 DSDHA
94 FeatherRiverAcademy
PistoriusSchool YubaCity,California,USA 136
forDisabledChildren ArchitectureforEducation- A4E HeinzGalinskiSchool
Herbrechtingen,Germany Berlin,Germany
Behnisch,Behnisch&Partner 108 ZviHecker
SpecialPedagogicCentre
98 Eichstatt,Germany 138
SpecialSchoolSursee Diezinger&KramerArchitekten MossbrookPrimarySchool
Sursee,Switzerland Norton,Sheffield,UnitedKingdom
Scheitlin-Syfrig+Partner SarahWigglesworthArchitects
6
SECONDARY SCH00LS (10-18years) ACADEMIES AND VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS (6-18years)
164 196 228 240
CollegeNicolasRobert AlbertEinsteinOberschule FlimsComprehensiveSchool MarieCurieGymnasium
Vernouillet,Eure-et-Loir,France Berlin,Germany Flims,Switzerland Dallgow-Doberitz,Berlin,Germany
BerthelierFichetTribouillet StefanScholzArchitekten WerknetzArchitektur GruntuchErnstArchitekten
168 198 230 242
AleUpperSecondarySchool SanktBennoGymnasium GymnaseetEcoleProfessionelle DiamondRanchHighSchool
Nodinge,Sweden Dresden,Germany MarcelinsurMorges,Switzerland Pomona,California,USA
WingardhArkitektkontor Behnisch,Behnisch&Partner GeninascaDelefortrie Morphosis,ThomasBlurock
170 200 234 244
LyceeCamilleCorot LachenzelgSchoolExtension BexleyBusinessAcademy IvanhoeGrammarSchool
Morestel,France Zurich,Switzerland Bexley,London,UnitedKingdom Mernda,Victoria,Australia
HeraultArnodArchitectes ADP,BeatJordi,CasparAngst FosterandPartners BatesSmart
172 202 236 246
GunmaKokusaiAcademy PerspectivesCharterSchool MontessoriCollegeOost SecondaryIntermediate
OhtaCity,Gunma,Japan Chicago,Illinois,USA Amsterdam,TheNetherlands VocationalSchool
Kojima,Uno,Akamatsu Perkins+Will HermanHertzberger Hoorn,TheNetherlands
HermanHertzberger
174 204 238
MontessoriSchool BishopsParkCollege AurinkolahtiComprehensiveSchool 248
Ingolstadt,Germany Clacton,Essex,UnitedKingdom Vuosaari,Helsinki,Finland PackerCollegiateInstitute
Behnisch&Partner ArchitectsCo-Partnership(ACP) Jeskanen-Repo-Teranne Brooklyn,NewYork,USA
andLeenaYli-Lonttinen H3HardyCollaborationArchitecture
176 206
KuoppanummiSchoolCentre GymnasiumMarktIndersdorf
Nummela,Finland MarktIndersdorf,Germany
PerkoArchitects AllmannSattlerWappnerArchitekten
Meskanen&Pursiainen
208
APPENDIX
178 InstitutoVillanuevadelRioyMinas
InstitutoRafaelArozarena Sevilla,Spain
LaOrotava,Tenerife,Spain J.TerradosCepeda+
AMParquitectos F.SuarezCorchete
252
182 210
Authors
KvernhusetJuniorHighSchool CollegedesTuillieres
Fredrikstad,Norway Gland,Switzerland
253
PIRIIArkitektkontor,DuncanLewis GraemeMann&PatriciaCapuaMann
SelectedBibliography
184 214
254
PublicSchoolJardimAtalibaLeonel ColegioSecundariaIndustrial
IndexofPlaces
SaoPaolo,Brazil SantiagodeCali,Colombia
AngeloBucci,AlvaroPuntoni LuisFernandoZunigaGaez
255
IndexofNames
186 216
ExemplarSchool OskarMariaGrafGymnasium
255
Lambeth,London,UnitedKingdom Neufahrn,Germany
IllustrationCredits
AlsopArchitects HeinGoldsteinArchitekten
188 218
LyceeFran~oisMagendie InstitutoLaSerra
Bordeaux,France Mollerusa,L1eida,Spain
BrojetLajusPueyo CarmePinosDesplat
190 220
GreenwichAcademy ProtestantComprehensiveSchool
Greenwich,Connecticut,USA Gelsenkirchen,Germany
SOM'EducationLab' Plus+Bauplanung
192 224
St.Andrew'sCollege JoRichardsonCommunitySchool
Aurora,Ontario,Canada Dagenham,London,UnitedKingdom
KuwabaraPayneMcKennaBlumberg ArchitecturePLB
194
NcerumAmtsgymnasium
Nrerum,Copenhagen,Denmark
ArkitekterDall&Lindhardtsen
7
8
Preface
Whatistherelationshipbetweenpedagogicalvisionsandspaceforchildren?Iaskthisquestionbecauseitisin
myviewakeytounderstandinggoodschoolorpre-schoolarchitecture,andisaprimaryideawhichliesatthe
heartofthispublication.Whilstwewantandneedbuildingswhich respondtotheimmediaterequirements
ofcontemporarysociety,theschoolswebuildnowarealsoforafuturewhichishardtopredict. Designersof
schoolbuildingsneed'thevisionthing'.
Lookuptheword 'vision'intheThesaurusandmanydefinitionsrelateto almostintangiblequalities: im
agination, perception, inspiration, innovationandcreativity. Onemightaddtothislistthebuzzword ofthe
moment, 'futureproofing', aconceptwhich issoimportantatthistimeofsubstantialschoolinvestment,as
manyofthesenewschoolsmaystill beinuseattheendofthiscentury. How, inotherwords, shouldarchi
tectsanddesignersapproachtheseprojectswithaviewtopredictingthefuture?Whatshoulddictatethevi
sion,educationorarchitecture?
Currentlythereisawidespreademphasisoninnovativeapproachestoeducationwhich reflectsamore
personalisedconception oflearningthan prevailedduringthe20thcentury. Thisreflectstheindividualistic
timesinwhichwelive.Thesetheoriesandmanyothernewideasmustsomehowbeincorporatedbythear
chitectintohisorherdesign.Fundamentally,thearchitectneedsacleargraspoftheeducationaltheorywhich
underpinsthework.
Thebestnewschoolbuildersrecognisethateducationshouldleadarchitecturetotheextentthatmanyof
thecasestudiesfeatured hereareexplicitrenditionsofthelatesteducationaltheories,almostlikeathree-di
mensionalcurriculumplan. Rightlysoinmyview;thepedagogicalvisionisoffundamental importancewhen
designinganewschool. Ifitistohaveadirectbearingonthecontemporaryneedsofteachers, pupilsandfu
turegenerationsofschoolusers,itmustreflecttheparallelneedsofchildren'seducationandtheirsocialde
velopmentinitsdesign.
Architectswhohavenotasyetdesignedaschoolmaybeaskingthemselves,whatdoIknowaboutpeda
gogicalvisions?Thequestionaroundpedagogicalvisionsandspacecanandshouldbeorderedinanumber
ofalternativeways.Therelationshipisneverlinear,wherethepedagogicalvisiondictatesthearchitecture,as
mightbeimpliedbymyquestion. Rather,educationandarchitectureenterintoarelationshipwhere, ifeve
rythinggoesaccordingtoplan,thetwodimensionsmeshtogetherinasymbioticformulatocreateacomplex
child-orientatedenvironmentwhichenableschildrentolearnandthecommunitytoprosper.
Theschoolhasalwaysbeenconcernedwithradicaleducationalideassetinnewandstimulatingsettings.
Ithadtoberadical becausesincethebeginningofthe20thcenturyitwasasystemofmasseducation, con
stantlyreinventingitselftoprovidemoreandmoreeducationalplacesofaneverimprovingquality.Thereisa
similarimpulsetoday,whereeducationincludesaneverwideningsectionofthepopulation. Forexample,the
requirementtoprovidesupportforworkingmothersisperceivedasarelativelyrecentphenomenon. Itisnow
broadlyacceptedasanecessityandimpliesanextensionofcareandeducationdownwardsandsideways.
Downwardstocatertoyoungchildrenandbabies,andsidewaystoprovidebreakfastclubsandafterschool
facilitiesforschoolagechildren.
Sothisisnotonlyaboutpedagogicvisions. Theschool designergoesfurthertoextendthe roleofthe
schooltothewidercommunityandtosocietyasawhole. Itrustthisbookwill inspireandhelpdesignteams
toorderprioritiesandcreatethebestpossibleschoolenvironmentsforallofourfutures.
Iwould liketothankthemanypeoplewhohavecontributedtothecreationofthisbook, allofthecase
studycontributorsandnumerousteachersandeducationalistswhohaveprovidedobservationsandsupport
duringitsdevelopment. InparticularIwould liketoacknowledgeRiaSteinandtheteamatBirkhauserwho
havestuckwiththe projectovermoreyearsthan Icareto remember. Inherdeterminationtogetthe book
published,Riahasshownadegreeoftoleranceandunderstandingtowardsmebeyondthecallofduty.Itisto
herthatIoffermygreatestthanksforthefinalversionofthispublication.
IalsowishtothankPennyTerndrupforherpastoralcareandwisdomduringthebook'sdifficultgestation
andbirth,andKenMacdonaldwhogotmestartedwithallofthis15yearsago.
Finally, recognitiongoestotheSchoolofArchitecture, UniversityofSheffield,whereIamengagedasa
part-timeResearch Fellow.Withouttheirsupportthispublicationwouldnothavebeenpossible.
MarkDudek
London, November2006
9
