Table Of ContentA DESCRIPTION OF COLLOQUIAL GUARANÍ
JANUA LINGUARUM
STUDIA MEMORIAE
NICOLAI VAN WIJK DEDICATA
edenda curat
C. H. VAN SCHOONEVELD
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
SERIES PRACTICAL
XXVII
1967
MOUTON & CO.
THE HAGUE • PARIS
A DESCRIPTION
OF
COLLOQUIAL GUARANÍ
by
EMMA GREGORES AND JORGE A. SUÁREZ
E8
1967
MOUTON & CO.
THE HAGUE • PARIS
© Copyright 1967, Mouton & Co., Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands.
No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm,
or any other means, without written permission from the publishers
Printed in The Netherlands by Mouton & Co., Printers, The Hague
PREFACE
The present book is a modified version of the authors' joint doctoral thesis of the
same title, presented at Cornell University in the winter of 1961. The modifications
introduced are few and of minor importance, except that the Introduction has been
completely revised and rewritten, and the bibliographical references brought up-to-
date.
Our research on Guarani was made possible by the assistance of several persons
and organizations, which we wish to mention in this Preface.
Grateful acknowledgement is due to the University of Buenos Aires, for a generous
grant with which most of the corpus was collected; to Cornell University, the American
Council of Learned Societies, and Altrusa International, for providing financial
support during the preparation of this work.
We are greatly indebted to Prof. J Milton Cowan, Chairman of the Division of
Modern Languages at Cornell University, whose constant help and resourcefulness
made the completion of our work possible; to Prof. Gordon H. Fairbanks, for his
enlightening suggestions and criticisms at all the stages of the analysis, and to Prof.
Frederick B. Agard, who read the earlier version of this book in its entirety and kindly
undertook the task of improving our English style.
Our deepest thanks go to Prof. Charles F. Hockett, for his help, for his encourage-
ment at the initial stages, and for giving generously of his time and thought to criti-
cizing an earlier draft of the grammar. The influence of his ideas is so patent through-
out this book that to acknowledge it in each case by a special reference would have
been unnecessary.
Buenos Aires, January 1965 EMMA GREGORES
JORGE A. SUÂREZ
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 5
Abbreviations 11
0. INTRODUCTION 13
0.1 Purpose 13
0.2 Linguistic classification of Guarani 13
0.3 Habitat and speakers 16
0.4 Written sources 17
0.5 The informants 18
0.6 The corpus 20
0.7 Previous studies 20
0.8 Bibliography 22
PART I: PHONOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 27
1.1 Methodological premises 27
1.2 Plan 28
1.3 Treatment of loanwords 29
2. THE COMPONENTS 31
2.0 Purpose 31
2.1 The features 31
2.2 The bundles 33
2.3 The prosodie features 37
2.4 The sequences of bundles 38
2.5 The components 44
3. THE PHONEMES 47
3.0 Purpose 47
3.1 The phonemes 47
8 TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.2 The segmental phonemes 48
3.21 The vowels 48
3.22 The consonants 49
3.3 The phonemic system 51
4. THE SYLLABLE 53
4.0 Purpose 53
4.1 The syllable 53
4.2 Phonetic description of the syllable 53
4.3 Phonemic interpretation of the syllable 56
4.4 Rephonemicization 59
4.5 Distribution of the phonemes within the syllable 60
4.6 The structure of the syllable 61
4.7 The syllable system 61
5. THE ACCENTUAL SYSTEM 63
5.1 Stress 63
5.2 Nasalization 65
5.3 The microsegment 70
5.4 The accentual system 71
6. THE INTONATIONAL SYSTEM 73
6.1 The macrosegment 73
6.2 The intonations 73
6.3 Diagram of the phonologic structure 79
7. THE PHONEMES OF GUARANÍ 80
7.1 Inventory 80
7.2 Distribution 84
7.3 Frequency 86
7.4 Balance and symmetry 87
8. THE PHONOLOGIC SYSTEM OF CORPUS B 88
8.1 The phonology of Spanish loans 88
8.2 The phonology of Corpus B 92
9. TEXTS 94
PART II: MORPHOPHONEMICS
10. MORPHOPHONEMICS 99
10.1 Canonical forms 99
10.2 Phonologically conditioned alternations 102
10.3 Morphologically conditioned alternations 105
10.4 Sporadic alternations Ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS 9
10.5 List of pluri-allomorphic morphemes 113
10.6 The morphophonemics of Spanish loans 114
11. Appendix: A note on orthography 116
PART III: GRAMMAR
12. INTRODUCTION 121
12.1 Methodological premises 121
12.2 Scope 121
13. MORPHOLOGY 123
13.1 The word 123
13.2 The internal structure of words 123
13.21 Composition 123
13.221 Derivation 126
13.222 Formation 129
13.223 Inflection 130
13.3 Notes on the morphology of loans 133
13.4 List of morphemes 133
14 PARTS OF SPEECH 135
14.0 Outline of the hierarchy of sentences 135
14.1 Stem classes 135
14.2 Major classes 136
14.21 Nouns 136
14.22 Verbs 137
14.23 Adverbs 139
14.3 Minor classes 140
14.31 Pronouns 140
14.32 h^e-class 142
14.33 Clause markers 143
14.34 Coordinators 143
14.35 Conjunctions 143
14.36 Nominalizers 143
14.37 Postpositions 143
14.38 Qualifiers 144
14.39 Articles 144
14.3.10 Modifiers 144
14.3.11 Connectors 144
14.3.12 k6ina-class 145
14.3.13 Other stems 145
14.4 Multiple class membership of stems 145
10 TABLE OF CONTENTS
15. NON-PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 147
15.1 Nominal phrases 147
15.2 Pronominal phrases 150
15.3 Adverbial phrases 151
15.4 Verbal phrases 151
15.5 Objective constructions 155
15.6 Postpositional constructions 160
15.7 Conjunctive constructions 164
15.8 Nominalized clauses 165
16. CLAUSES 169
16.1 Equational clauses 169
16.2 Predicative clauses 171
16.21 The subject 171
16.22 The predicate 172
16.230 Non-adverbial attributes 174
16.231 Adverbial attributes 175
16.2311 hagwa-clauses 177
16.2312 vo-clauses 178
16.3 Connective clauses 180
16.4 Order of the constituents in a clause 182
17. SENTENCES 185
17.1 Major sentences; simple and compound 185
17.2 Complex sentences 186
17.3 Minor sentences 190
17.31 Answers 191
17.32 Exclamations 191
17.33 Fragments 191
17.34 Other types 192
18. TEXTS 193
18.0 Introduction 193
18.1 Text 1: analysis and translation 194
18.2 Text 2: analysis and translation 204
18.3 Text 3: translation 209
18.4 Text 4: translation 210
PART IV: VOCABULARY
19. GUARANI-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 217
Bibliography 248
