Table Of Content i
AConceptualHistoryofChinese-Isms
© koninklijkebrillnv,leiden,2015 | doi10.1163/9789004292741_001
ii
Conceptual History and
Chinese Linguistics
Edited by
ChristophHarbsmeier
BjarkeFrellesvig
MichaelLackner
AlainPeyraube
MichaelPuett
RudolfWagner
VOLUME4
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedat brill.com/chcl
iii
A Conceptual History
of Chinese -Isms
The Modernization of Ideological Discourse, 1895–1925
By
IvoSpira
LEIDEN|BOSTON
iv
Coverimage1: ApagefromthefirstissueofMínbào[People’sJournal],thejournaloftherevolutionaries
inJapaneseexile.Thetextabovethedrawingreads:‘TheYellowEmperor,theworld’sfirstgreatnational-
ist’.Belowthedrawinginparentheses:‘Thefirstancestorandstate-founderoftheChinesenation’.
Coverimage2: ApagefromanarticleinthesameissueofMínbào(WāngJīngwèi汪精衛,‘Mínzúdì
guójiā’民族的國家[TheNationState],Mínbào民報1,1905,p.3).Thewordprintedinlargecharactersis
mínzúzhǔyì民族主義‘nationalism’.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Spira,Ivo,author.
AconceptualhistoryofChinese-isms:themodernizationofideologicaldiscourse,1895-1925/byIvo
Spira.
pagescm.--(ConceptualhistoryandChineselinguistics;Volume4)
Revisedversionofthedissertation;UniversityofOslo,2010.
Previoustitle:“Chinese-ismsandismatisation.”
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-90-04-28787-7(hardback:alk.paper)--ISBN978-90-04-29274-1(e-book:alk.paper)1.Chinese
language--Etymology--History.2.Ideology--China--History.3.Chineselanguage--Discourseanalysis.4.
Chineselanguage--Termsandphrases.I.Title.II.Title:Modernizationofideologicaldiscourse,1895-1925.
PL1281.S672015
140.951--dc23
2015003758
Thispublicationhasbeentypesetinthemultilingual“Brill”typeface.Withover5,100characterscovering
Latin,ipa,Greek,andCyrillic,thistypefaceisespeciallysuitableforuseinthehumanities.
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issn2210-2884
isbn978-90-04-28787-7(hardback)
isbn978-90-04-29274-1(e-book)
Copyright2015byKoninklijkeBrillnv,Leiden,TheNetherlands.
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Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,translated,storedin
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ContentsContents v
Contents
Preface vii
Conventions ix
List of Abbreviations xii
1 Introduction 1
1 PreviousResearch 9
2 SourcesandMethod 12
2.1 Thought, Language, Society 13
2.2 Keywords and Key Concepts 16
2.3 Sources 23
3 TheConceptof‘Ideology’ 25
4 ConceptsandIdeologies 32
5 IsmaticConcepts 42
2 Ideology and Ismatic Concepts in Premodern China 46
1 ConceptionsofHistory 47
1.1 The Absence of the Golden Future 47
1.2 Past, Present, and Future 50
1.3 Notions of Progress and Utopian Visions 51
1.4 History as the Product of Action 52
2 SomeCaseStudiesinPremodernChineseIdeology 55
2.1 Syncretist ‘State Ideology’ in Han China 55
2.2 Ideological Aspects of Millenarianism in the Eastern Han Dynasty 66
2.3 Wáng Ānshí王安石as an Ideologist 69
2.4Neo-Confucian Orthodoxy 74
2.5 Ideology in the ‘White Lotus’ Groups and the Triads 80
3 ConcludingRemarks 82
3 The Age of -Isms in China 91
1 HistoricalReorientation 91
1.1 ‘Unprecedented Events’ 91
1.2 A Changed Conception of History 96
1.3 The Acceptability of Western Social and Cultural Models 99
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vi Contents
2.4The Encylopaedic Function of Zhǔyì in ‘New Learning’ 135
3 TheIsmatizationofChineseSociety 144
3.1 Zhǔyì as Antidotes to China’s Ills 144
3.2 Ideological Activism and Zhǔyì as Party Identity 150
3.3 The Ideological Transformation of Society 158
4 ChineseReactionstoIsmaticDiscourse 168
4 Philosophical Aspects of ‘Zhǔyì’ 176
1 ZhǔyìasGuidingPrinciples 176
2 ThePolemicContextualizationofZhǔyì 184
3 ZhǔyìasGuidingConceptsofSocialMovement 186
3.1 Ideals of Progress 186
3.2 Zhǔyìas Rationalized Ideals 188
3.3 Ideological Projection into the Future 192
3.4Voluntarist Idealism 196
3.5 Zhǔyìin the Imagining of New Possible Societies 203
3.6Zhǔyìas a Utopian Political Panacea 208
5 Towards an Analysis of Chinese -Isms 213
1 LinguisticandConceptualAspects 213
1.1 The Morphology of Words in -zhǔyì 213
1.2 Morphological Alternatives to -zhǔyì 218
1.3 The Relationship of Zhǔyì to Foreign Models 222
1.4 Zhǔyìwith Prefixes and Other Pre-Modifiers 230
1.5 Expressing the Relation between -Isms and -Ists in Chinese 232
1.6 The Construction of Conceptual Fields of Zhǔyì 239
1.7 Reflections on Zhǔyì Definitions 245
1.8 Criteria for a Typology of Zhǔyì 251
2 RhetoricalAspects 254
2.1 The Reductionism of -Isms 254
2.2 The Recontextualization of Zhǔyì as Autonomous Entities 261
2.3 The Personification of Zhǔyì 265
2.4The Metaphorical Framing of Zhǔyì as Forces 267
2.5 Reinterpreting Past History in Terms of -Isms 270
2.6Ismatic Argumentation 274
6 Conclusion 282
Appendices 289
Bibliography 293
Index 314
342
Preface Preface vii
Preface
ThisbookisarevisedversionofthedissertationIdefendedattheUniversityof
Osloin2010.Thebasicargumentremainsintact,butanumberofimprove-
mentshavebeenmadetothetext,andIhavealsobeenfortunatetobeableto
deepenmyunderstandingofthesubjectconsiderablyafterreadingWáng
Fànsēn’s王汎森workonChinese-isms.Histwoseminalarticlesonthetopic
weretruerevelationsthathaveenabledmetoseethewholephenomenonina
newlight,aswellastoseethestrengthsandweaknessesofmyownarguments
moreclearly.AlthoughProfessorWángandIdidnotlearnofeachother’swork
beforeRudolfWagnerwassokindastoputusintouchin2012,ourmainfind-
ingscorrespondtoanamazingdegree.Therareopportunitytomeasureone’s
workagainstanexperiencedscholar’smasterfultreatmentofthesamesubject
isinvaluable,andforthisIexpressmydeepestgratitude.IalsoappreciatePro-
fessorWáng’sverygraciousacknowledgementofmyworkinoneofhisarti-
cles.BecausemydissertationwasalreadywrittenwhenIlearnedofWáng
Fànsēn’swork,Ihaveregrettablynotbeenabletointegratehisnewinsights
intothebookasfullyasIwouldhaveliked.Nevertheless,Ihavebeenableto
addsomereferencesandmakesomeadjustmentstothearguments.Ihavealso
addedsomevaluableprimarysourcematerial,whichwouldhavebeenvery
difficultwithoutthesupportofJīnGuāntāo金觀濤,LiúQīngfēng劉青峰,
andZhèngWénhuì鄭文惠,especiallybyallowingHsüTzu-Yu許慈佑 at
Dōngyà guānniànshǐ jíkān東亞觀念史集刊toassistmeinthesearchforad-
ditionaldata.IamgratefultothemandtomycolleagueRuneSvarverud,who
hasalsohelpedmegreatlyinthisregard.
ThisbookwouldnothavebeenwrittenwereitnotforChristophHarbsmei-
er,whosupervisedthedissertationandwasaconstantsourceofinspiration
andincisivecriticism,forwhichIamdeeplygrateful.Thanksarealsodueto
thereadersofthedissertation,MichaelLackner,MichaelPuett,andMarianne
Bastid-Bruguière,fortheirthoroughcommentsandconstructiveroleduring
thedefence.Ipresentedmyworkonseveraloccasionsbeforeandafterthe
defenceandreceivedvaluablefeedbackfromanumberofpeople.Inthisre-
gardIwouldespeciallyliketothankRudolfG.Wagner,OlgaLomová,Shěn
Guówēi 沈國威,MichaelFriedrich,JaniMarjanen,JussiKurunmäki,Pauli
Kettunen,AinurElmgren,andHelgeJordheim.
IwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetotheeditorsofModernChineseScien-
tificTerminologies,IwoAmelung,JoachimKurtz,andMichaelLackner.This
databasehasallowedmetolearnmuchmoreaboutearlyoccurrencesand
translationsof-ismsinChinesethanwouldotherwisehavebeenfeasible.Jens
viii Preface
ØstergaardPetersenhasbeenofgreathelpindatabasemattersandastheau-
thorofaneye-openingarticleonjiā 家fromwhichIlearnedmuch.JanTerje
FaarlundattheUniversityofOslohassignificantlybroadenedmyhorizonsin
thefieldoflinguisticsthroughthecourseshetaughtorarranged,andhas
moreoverbeenexemplaryinhisroleasheadofthedoctorallinguisticspro-
gramme.HelgeJordheimhasbeenavitalfactorinkeepingmeinvolvedinthe
communityofconceptualhistorians,forwhichIamgrateful.Thanksaredue
toStephanOepen,whotaughtmemuchofwhatIknowaboutNaturalLan-
guageProcessing,andtoAmundBjørsnøs,JensBraarvig,andIngemundAske-
land,mostcongenialcolleaguesintheOsloGreek-Arabicseminar.Thanksto
WangLei王磊,MarkTeeuwen,SteffenRemvik,andNaomiYabeMagnussen
forhelpwithJapanese.Naomihasalso,alongwithAneHusstad-Nedberg,been
essentialinassistingmewithmybook-huntsinthelibrary.IthankKristoffer
Aarholtforhispatienceasaco-programmerandco-thinker,andKristofferVa-
dumforprovidingmoralsupportandforalltherichandmeanderingdiscus-
sionsonacademictopicswehavehadtogether.
Iamgratefultomanyothers,amongthemMonaAbdel-Fadil,EmadAbdul-
Latif,ChristophAnderl,BerntBrendemoen,HaraldBøckman,HalvorEifring,
DyalaHamzah,JacobHøigilt,RanaIssa,JoachimGentz,PeterGietz,Mette
HalskovHansen,GeorgKjøll,BaishaLiu,MichaelLüdke,AneMannsåker
Roald, Jennifer May, Gunvor Mejdell, Iver Neumann, Angelika Neuwirth,
MichaelNylan,MareikeOhlberg,PangCuiming,MichaelPuett,UnnMålfrid
Rolandsen,TildeRosmer,NicolaeStatu,EirikWelo,EinarWigen,WangQi,
TheklaWiebusch,ChristianWittern,LukášZádrapa,andtheadministrative
staffattheDepartmentofCultureStudiesandOrientalLanguagesatthe
UniversityofOslo.Furthermore,IwishtothankmyeditorsatBrill,Albert
Hoffstädt,FemEggersandPatriciaRadder,whohavebeenhelpfulandcon-
structivethroughoutthepublicationprocess.
Iwouldalsoliketothankmyfamilyfortheirsupport,especiallymywife
Eva.
Oslo,December2014
ConventioCnosnventions ix
Conventions
• Unattestedorungrammaticalformsareprecededbyanasterisk(*).
• Linguisticunitsatthelexicallevelaregiveninitalics.
• Morphologicalglossesaregiveninsmallcaps.Theseglossesarecommu-
nicativeinintentandhaveastrongetymologizingandessentializing
flavour.Theyarenotintendedasmorethanaroughcribtoremindthe
readerofthestructureandetymologicalrootsoftheglossedexpression.
Theglossmaybeinfluencedbythecontextitoccursin.
• Singlequotationmarksareusedforconceptsandtranslationglosses.
• QuotationmarksarenotusedforChineseandJapanesequotationsifitis
clearfromthecontextthataquotationisbeingpresented,asthechangein
scriptissufficienttomarkitassuch.
• TraditionalChinesecharactershavebeenusedthroughout,exceptinsome
URLs.
• ThetranscriptionofChinesewordsisgiveninHànyǔ pīnyīn漢語拼音.
• Thesymbol:= isusedtomarkassertedorattestedtranslationequivalence,
regardlessoftheactualsemanticsandreceptionhistoryofthetermson
eachsideofthesymbol.
• Irefertoprimarysourcesbyauthorandtitleratherthanauthorandyear
wherethisisnecessarytogivesufficientcontextandavoidconfusion.
• PaginationinZhèjiāngcháo (ZJC),Jiāngsū(JS)andotherearlyjournalscan
beconfusing.Insomecasestherearethreenumbersforeachpage:page
numberinthearticle(‘textpagination’=‘tp.’,sincethearticlemaybesplit
upintoseveralinstalments),pagenumberwithinthegivenissue,andthe
pagenumberaddedinthereprint(‘repr.’).Where‘tp.’or‘repr.’isnotused,
paginationrelativetoeachissueisintended.
• Translationsaremineunlessotherwiseindicated.
