Table Of ContentA Comprehensive Guide to Music Therapy
of related interest
Clinical Applications of Music Therapy in Psychiatry
Edited by Tony Wigram and Jos De Backer
ISBN 1 85302 733 2
Clinical Applications of Music Therapy in Developmental
Disability, Paediatrics and Neurology
Edited by Tony Wigram and Jos De Backer
ISBN 1 85302 734 0
Music Therapy in Health and Education
Edited by Margaret Heal and Tony Wigram
ISBN 1 85302 175 X
Analytical Music Therapy
Edited by Johannes Th. Eschen
ISBN 1 84310 058 4
Music Therapy – Intimate Notes
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Music for Life
Aspects of Creative Music Therapy with Adult Clients
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ISBN 1 85302 300 0 CD
A Comprehensive Guide
to Music Therapy
Theory, Clinical Practice,
Research and Training
Tony Wigram, Inge Nygaard Pedersen
and Lars Ole Bonde
Jessica Kingsley Publishers
London and Philadelphia
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including
photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or
incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright
owner except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or
under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court
Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright owner’s written permission to
reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher.
Warning: The doing of an unauthorised act in relation to a copyright work may result in both a civil
claim for damages and criminal prosecution.
The right of Tony Wigram, Inge Nygaard Pedersen and Lars Ole Bonde, to be identified as authors of
this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
First published in Danish in 2001 under the title of Musikterapi: Når Ord Ikke Slår
Til – En håndbog I musikterapiens teori og praksis I Danmark by Klim, Århus.
First published in the United Kingdom in 2002
by Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd
116 Pentonville Road
London N1 9JB, England
and
400 Market Street, Suite 400
Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
www.jkp.com
Copyright © Tony Wigram, Inge Nygaard Pedersen and Lars Ole Bonde 2002
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Wigram, Tony.
[Musikterapi. English]
A comprehensive guide to music therapy : theory, clinical practice, research, and
training / Tony Wigram, Inge Nygaard Pedersen, and Lars Ole Bonde.
p. cm.
Translation of: Musikterapi: når ord ikke slår til.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 1-84310-083-5 (alk. paper)
1. Music therapy. I. Pedersen, Inge Nygaard. II. Bonde, Lars Ole. III.
Title.
ML3920.W5213 2002
615.8’5154--dc21
2002034099
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN-13: 9781846423499
ISBN-10: 1 84310 083 5
Printed and Bound in Great Britain by
Athenaeum Press, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear
Table of Contents
List of Figures
7
List of Tables
8
Foreword
9
Introduction
11
Chapter 1
Introduction to Music Therapy
17
1.1 Music Therapy – A Historical Perspective
1.2 Definitions of Music Therapy
1.3 A Therapeutic Understanding of Music
Chapter 2
Theoretical Foundations of Music Therapy
45
2.1 The Psychology of Music
2.2 Theory of Therapy and Psychotherapy
2.3 Analytical, Psychodynamic and Transpersonal Theories
2.4 Music as Analogy and Metaphor
Chapter 3
Models and Methods of Music Therapy
113
Introduction: Music Therapy Models from an International
Perspective
3.1 Guided Imagery and Music – The Bonny Model
3.2 Analytically Oriented Music Therapy – The Priestley Model
3.3 Creative Music Therapy – The Nordoff-Robbins Model
3.4 Free Improvisation Therapy – The Alvin Model
3.5 Behavioural Music Therapy
3.6 Physiological Responses to Music
3.7 Music in Medicine
3.8 Music and Healing
Chapter 4
Music Therapy in Clinical Practice
151
Introduction: Referral Criteria and Clinical Practice
in Music Therapy
4.1 Music Therapy with Psychiatric Clients
4.2 Music Therapy with Physically and/or Developmentally
Delayed Clients
4.3 Music Therapy with Paediatric Clients
4.4 Music Therapy for Children with Communication Disorders
(Ulla Holck)
4.5 Music Therapy with Older Adults (Hanne Mette Ochsner Ridder)
4.6 Music Therapy as Milieu Therapy, Social Treatment
and Self-Management
4.7 Music Therapy for Self-Development
4.8 International Perspectives in Clinical Areas
Chapter 5
Music Therapy Research
and Clinical Assessment
221
5.1 Research in Music Therapy – An Overview
5.2 Development of a Research Training Program
– The Aalborg University Model with Examples
from Research Studies
5.3 Assessment and Clinical Evaluation in Music Therapy
5.4 Evidence Based Practice in Music Therapy
Chapter 6
Music Therapy Training – A European
Bachelor’s/Master’s Model
267
Introduction: The Training of a Music Therapist
6.1 The Music Therapy Program at Aalborg University
6.2 Entrance Examinations
6.3 Musical Skills in Music Therapy
6.4 Theoretical and Analytical Studies
6.5 Experiential Training in Music Therapy
– the Self-Experience Element
6.6 Clinical Training and Clinical Placements
Chapter 7
Professional and Technical Resources
293
7.1 National and International Co-operation
7.2 Journals of Music Therapy
7.3 Music Therapy and the Internet
7.4 Books and CD-ROMS
Chapter 8
A Glossary and Lexicon of Music Therapy
315
Bibliography
327
Contents of Music CD
359
Contents of CD-ROM
361
Mini Biographies of the Authors
364
Subject Index
369
Author Index
381
List of Figures
Figure 1.1:
Artes Liberales
19
Figure 1.2:
Pythagoras – the four fields
20
Figure 1.3:
Gaffurius
26
Figure 1.4:
Dileo’s Music therapy levels of intervention compared
with levels of intervention in the treatment of pain
32–3
Figure 1.5:
The relationship between music therapy and music
education – a continuum
35
Figure 1.6:
The six dynamic models of music therapy
41
Figure 2.1:
The outer ear and middle ear
50
Figure 2.2:
The inner ear
51
Figure 2.3:
Medial view of the brain, showing brain stem, limbic
cortex and cerebral cortex
52
Figure 2.4:
Hevner’s ‘Mood Wheel’ (revised version). Category 7
is an addition that allows the inclusion of forms
of popular music (Bonde 1997)
59
Figure 2.5:
Bonny’s ‘Cut Log’ diagram
70
Figure 2.6:
Wilber’s spectrum model. Position between mental
structure, fulcrums, psychopathology and forms
of treatment (from Grace and Grit, p.184)
91
Figure 2.7:
Wilber’s quadrant model
94
Figure 2.8:
Musical parameters as metaphor
100–1
Figure 4.1:
Art pictures from a patient in therapy
164–7
List of Tables
Table 3.1:
Musical parameters of relaxing music compared
with anxioalgolytic music
144
Table 5.1:
General categorization of articles in five music
therapy journals (1987–1991) (Wigram 1993a)
230
Table 5.2:
Percentage of articles falling into research, clinical
and other categories in three music therapy journals
between 1998 and 2001
231
Table 5.3:
Forms of assessment and evaluation
247
Table 5.4:
Data gathering in assessment and evaluation
248
Table 5.5:
Table showing the events in therapy, response
and interaction of Joel, and the expectations of therapy
254–6
Table 5.6:
Hierarchical structure for Evidence Based Practice,
and its relationship to music therapy research
and clinical records
261
Table 7.1:
Results of a general search and three specific searches
in seven databases
305
