A Companion to Woodrow Wilson

662 Pages·2013·3.876 MB·English

by  Ross A. Kennedy

A Companion to
Woodrow Wilson
WILEY- BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO AMERICAN HISTORY
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PRESIDENTIAL COMPANIONS
Published:
A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt A Companion to Lyndon B. Johnson
Edited by William Pederson Edited by Mitchell Lerner
A Companion to Richard M. Nixon A Companion to George Washington
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A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt A Companion to Andrew Jackson
Edited by Serge Ricard Edited by Sean Patrick Adams
A Companion to Thomas Jefferson A Companion to Woodrow Wilson
Edited by Francis D. Cogliano Edited by Ross A. Kennedy
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A Companion to Harry S. Truman A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents,
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A Companion to John Adams and John Quincy Adams A Companion to John F. Kennedy
Edited by David Waldstreicher Edited by Marc Selverstone
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A Companion to
Woodrow Wilson
Edited by
Ross A. Kennedy
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition fi rst published 2013
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A companion to Woodrow Wilson/edited by Ross A. Kennedy.
p. cm. – (Wiley-Blackwell companions to American history)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4443-3737-2 (hardback: alk. paper) 1. Wilson, Woodrow, 1856–1924. 2. Presidents – United States –
Biography. I. Kennedy, Ross A.
E767.C693 2013
973.91'3092–dc23
[B] 2012031785
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Jacket image: Woodrow Wilson, full-length portrait, seated at desk, facing slightly left. Library of Congress, Prints and
Photographs Division.
Jacket design by Richard Boxhall Design Associates.
Set in 10/12 pt Galliard by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited.
1 2013
Contents
List of Illustrations viii
Notes on Contributors ix
Introduction 1
Ross A. Kennedy
Part I To the Presidency 7
1. Wilson the Man 9
Mark Benbow
2. Wilson’s Religious, Historical, and Political Thought 38
Malcolm D. Magee
3. Path to Power: Wilson as President of Princeton and Governor of
New Jersey 55
Edmund D. Potter
4. Presidential Politics and the Election of 1912 71
William B. Murphy
Part II National Progressivism and Wilson 89
5. Wilson as Chief Executive: Relations with Congress, the Cabinet,
and Staff 91
Robert C. Hilderbrand
6. The New Freedom and its Evolution 106
W. Elliot Brownlee
7. Wilson and Race Relations 133
Jennifer D. Keene
8. Wilson’s Views on Immigration and Ethnicity 152
Kristofer Allerfeldt
vi CONTENTS
9. The Election of 1916 173
Nicole M. Phelps
Part III Foreign Relations: Western Hemisphere and Asia, 1913–1921 191
10. Wilson and Mexico 193
Benjamin T. Harrison
11. US Policies Toward Latin America 206
Michael E. Neagle
12. US Policies Toward China, Japan, and the Philippines 225
Anne L. Foster
Part IV World War I: Neutrality to War 241
13. Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War 243
Justus D. Doenecke
14. Preparedness 270
Ross A. Kennedy
Part V Wartime Progressivism, 1917–1921 287
15. Economic Mobilization 289
Mark R. Wilson
16. Propaganda: Wilson and the Committee on Public Information 308
Richard L. Hughes
17. Civil Liberties 323
Kathleen Kennedy
18. Wilson and Woman Suffrage 343
Barbara J. Steinson
Part VI Fighting World War I 365
19. War Aims, 1917 to November 11, 1918 367
John A. Thompson
20. Policies Toward Russia and Intervention in the Russian Revolution 386
David S. Foglesong
21. Wilson’s Policies toward Eastern and Southeastern Europe, 1917–1919 406
M. B. B. Biskupski
22. Wilson and His Commanders 426
Jack McCallum
Part VII Peacemaking: Paris and After 443
23. Negotiating Peace Terms for Germany 445
Klaus Schwabe
24. Wilson’s Project for a New World Order of Permanent Peace
and Security 470
William R. Keylor
CONTENTS vii
25. Wilson, Europe’s Colonial Empires, and the Issue of Imperialism 492
Priscilla Roberts
26. The League Fight 518
John Milton Cooper, Jr
Part VIII Into the Twenties 529
27. Red Scare 531
Adam J. Hodges
28. The Election of 1920 551
Allan J. Lichtman
Part IX Wilson’s Shadow 567
29. Legacy and Reputation 569
Lloyd E. Ambrosius
Selected Bibliography 588
Index 635
List of Illustrations
Figure 3 .1 “ It takes Grit,” Harper ’ s Weekly , November 11, 1911. 66
Figure 2 0.1 “An Appropriate Reminder to the Instigators of War,”
Krokodil (Moscow), November 10, 1949. 387
Figure 2 0.2 “ Welcome, Russia!” by Broughton, published in L ife
(New York), vol. 69, on May 10, 1917. 389
Figure 2 3.1 Europe on the eve of World War I. 457
Figure 2 3.2 Europe after World War I. 458
Notes on Contributors
Kristofer Allerfeldt is Senior Lecturuer M. B. B. Biskupski holds the Blejwas
of History at the University of Exeter Endowed Chair in Polish History at Cen-
(UK). His research centers on the Pro- tral Connecticut State University. The
gressive Era and he is particularly inter- recipient of numerous honors, he has
ested in nativism and criminality. He has published 12 books and 40 articles. His
numerous publications, including B eyond latest book is Independence Day: Myth,
the Huddled Masses: American Immigra- Symbol and the Creation of Modern Poland
tion and the Treaty of Versailles (2006) . (2012).
Lloyd E. Ambrosius is the Samuel W. Elliot Brownlee is Professor Emeri-
Clark Waugh Distinguished Professor of tus of History at the University of Cali-
International Relations and Professor of fornia, Santa Barbara. He has written
History at the University of Nebraska- numerous books and articles on US eco-
Lincoln. He is author of W oodrow Wilson nomic history and the history of taxation,
and the American Diplomatic Tradition with particularly close attention to periods
(1987) , Wilsonian Statecraft (1991) , and of national crisis. The second edition of
Wilsonianism (2002) . his Federal Taxation in America: A History
appeared in 2 004 .
Mark Benbow is Assistant Professor of
History at Marymount University in John Milton Cooper, Jr , is E. Gordon
Arlington, Virginia. From 1987 to 2002, Fox Professor of American Institutions
he worked in the Directorate of Intelli- Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin -
gence at the Central Intelligence Agency Madison. He is the author, most recently,
and from 2003 to 2006 he was staff his- of Breaking the Heart of the World: Wood-
torian at the Woodrow Wilson House row Wilson and the Fight for the League of
museum in Washington, DC. He is the Nations (2001) and W oodrow Wilson: A
author of Leading Them to the Promised Biography (2009).
Land, Woodrow Wilson, Covenant Theol-
ogy and the Mexican Revolution, 1913 – Justus D. Doenecke is Emeritus Profes-
1915 (2010). sor of History at New College of Florida.
x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
He has written extensively on the presi- Complete Press Conferences, 1913– 1921 ,
dencies of James A. Garfi eld and Chester vol. 50 of The Papers of Woodrow Wilson
A. Arthur, American Far Eastern rela- (1985).
tions in the early 1930s, American anti -
interventionism during World War II Adam J. Hodges is Associate Professor
and the early Cold War, and Franklin D. of History at the University of Houston
Roosevelt’ s general foreign policy. His – Clear Lake. He has published articles
most recent book is Nothing Less Than in the Journal of the Gilded Age and Pro-
War: A New History of America’ s Entry gressive Era , Oregon Historical Quarterly ,
into World War I (2011) . Pacifi c Northwest Quarterly , and P lanning
Perspectives . He is completing a book manu-
David S. Foglesong is Professor of script titled W orld War I and Urban
History at Rutgers, The State Univer- Order: The Local Class Politics of National
sity of New Jersey. He has written two Mobilization .
books: T he American Mission and the
“ Evil Empire”: The Crusade for a “Free Richard L. Hughes is Associate Profes-
Russia” Since 1881 (2007) and America’ s sor of History at Illinois State University.
Secret War Against Bolshevism: U.S. His research interests include twentieth -
Intervention in the Russian Civil War, century social and cultural American history
1917– 1920 (1995) . and he has published articles in The Oral
History Review , The Historian , and The
Anne L. Foster is Associate Professor History Teacher . His current project is
of History at Indiana State University. entitled The Black Ghetto in the American
She is the author of Projections of Power: Mind .
The United States and Europe in Colonial
Southeast Asia, 1919– 1941 (2010) and Jennifer D. Keene is Professor of History
co - editor of The American Colonial State and Chair of the History Department at
in the Philippines (2003). She is currently Chapman University. She has authored
working on a monograph titled T he State three books on the American involve-
of Opium , an exploration of opium poli- ment in World War I: Doughboys, the
cies in colonial Southeast Asia. Great War and the Remaking of America
(2001), The United States and the First
Benjamin T. Harrison , is Professor of World War (2000), and World War I:
History at the University of Louisville. The American Soldier Experience (2011).
His publications include many articles, as
well as D ollar Diplomat: Chandler Ander- Kathleen Kennedy is Department Head
son and American Diplomacy in Mexico and Professor of History at Missouri
and Nicaragua, 1913– 1928 (1988) . State University. She is the author of
Disloyal Mothers and Scurrilous Citizens:
Robert C. Hilderbrand is Professor of Gender and Subversion During World
History at the University of South Dakota. War I (1999) and co - editor of Athena’ s
He is the author of Power and the People: Daughters: Television and the New
Executive Management of Public Opinion Woman Warrior and Sexual Borderlands
in Foreign Affairs, 1897 – 1921 (1981) (2003).
and Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the
United Nations and the Search for Postwar Ross A. Kennedy is Associate Professor
Security (1991), and is the editor of T he of History at Illinois State University. He