Table Of ContentA Companion to Lollardy
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Brill’s Companions to the
Christian Tradition
A series of handbooks and reference works on the
intellectual and religious life of Europe, 500–1800
Edited by
Christopher M. Bellitto (Kean University)
VOLUME 67
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bcct
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A Companion to Lollardy
By
J. Patrick Hornbeck ii
With
Mishtooni Bose
Fiona Somerset
LEIDEN | BOSTON
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Cover illustration: William Yeames (1835–1918), The Dawn of the Reformation 1867, oil on canvas,
1230 × 2000 mm, collection of The Suter Art Gallery Te Aratoi o Whakatu, Nelson, New Zealand: gifted
by Mrs Amelia Suter in memory of her husband Bishop Andrew Burn Suter in 1895.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hornbeck, J. Patrick, 1982- author.
Title: A companion to Lollardy / by J. Patrick Hornbeck II, with Mishtooni
Bose, Fiona Somerset.
Description: Boston : Brill, 2016. | Series: Brill’s companions to the
Christian tradition, ISSN 1871-6377 ; VOLUME 67 | Includes bibliographical
references and index. | Description based on print version record and CIP
data provided by publisher; resource not viewed.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015050995 (print) | LCCN 2015049645 (ebook) | ISBN
9789004309852 (E-book) | ISBN 9789004309791 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Lollards.
Classification: LCC BX4901.3 (print) | LCC BX4901.3 .H67 2016 (ebook) | DDC
284/.3--dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015050995
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issn 1871-6377
isbn 978-90-04-30979-1 (hardback)
isbn 978-90-04-30985-2 (e-book)
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Contents
Acknowledgements vii
List of Abbreviations ix
1 Introduction: The Study of Lollardy 1
1.1 Developments in Lollard Studies 5
1.2 Terminological Quandaries 15
2 The People 24
2.1 John Wyclif 26
2.2 “Fellows and Helpers” 35
2.3 Lollard Knights 45
2.4 Later Lollards 46
2.5 Lollard Communities 51
2.6 Conclusions 57
3 Their Practices 59
3.1 Preaching and Teaching 61
3.2 Lollard Spirituality 69
4 Their Writings 76
Fiona Somerset
4.1 Rapid, Large-Scale Production 79
4.1.1 The Floretum and Rosarium 80
4.1.2 The Wycliffite Bible 81
4.1.3 The Glossed Gospels 81
4.1.4 The English Wycliffite Sermons 82
4.1.5 Rolle’s English Psalter, Revised Version (RV) 1, RV2, and RV3 83
4.2 Independent Projects 83
4.2.1 Spinoffs from Phase 1 84
4.2.2 Works that Translate or Cite Wyclif 87
4.2.3 Writings by Named Authors Associated with Wycliffism 88
4.2.4 Anonymous Declarative or Confessional Writings 89
4.2.5 Lollard Learning 90
4.2.6 Writings in Verse 94
4.2.7 Prose Dialogues 96
4.2.8 Lollard Anthologies: Some Representative Lollard
Manuscripts 98
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vi Contents
4.3 Recension and Diffusion 101
4.3.1 Individual Texts 101
4.3.2 Compilation-Texts 102
4.3.3 Manuscript Compilations 102
5 Their Beliefs 105
5.1 Salvation and Grace 111
5.2 The Sacraments 117
5.2.1 Sacraments of Initiation: Baptism and Confirmation 117
5.2.2 The Eucharist 120
5.2.3 Penance 125
5.2.4 Sacraments for States of Life: Marriage and Holy Orders 126
5.2.5 Extreme Unction 131
5.3 The Church and Mainstream Religious Practice 132
5.3.1 Devotions and Other Religious Practices 138
5.4 Conclusions 141
6 Their Opponents 144
Mishtooni Bose
6.1 Chronology 146
7 Their Trials 159
7.1 The Inquisitorial Process 161
7.2 The Making of Records 167
7.3 A Survey of the Extant Records 178
7.4 Conclusions 186
8 Their Afterlife 188
8.1 Lollards and Lollard Communities in the Sixteenth Century 189
8.2 England and Bohemia 196
8.3 Lollard Literature and the New Reforms 198
8.4 Historiography and Lollardy 202
Conclusion 208
Bibliography 215
Index 242
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Acknowledgements
It is impossible to produce a volume that seeks to summarize the state of a field
of scholarly inquiry without incurring many debts to one’s colleagues. I am
especially grateful to two of them, Fiona Somerset and Mishtooni Bose, for
each agreeing to contribute a chapter to the present volume. Specialists in the
writings of those we have come to call lollards and in the opposition that John
Wyclif and later lollards encountered from the representatives of the institu-
tional church, these colleagues have penned chapters that far outshine any-
thing that I could have written on these topics. Many other colleagues,
including Andrew Cole, Jennifer Illig, Maureen Jurkowski, and Stephen E.
Lahey, have helped to shape the structure and content of this book, though of
course whatever errors may remain are my own responsibility.
To Julian Deahl and Christopher Bellitto, editors of Brill’s Companions to
the Christian Tradition series, I am thankful for the opportunity to contribute
a volume on a medieval religious phenomenon that has captured my atten-
tion for more than a decade now. Lollardy has been for me an important con-
text within which to pursue work on the Christian theological categories of
heresy and dissent, as well as to see how those categories have been lived out
concretely in the experience of actual women and men. While I imagine that
this book will be my last major publication on lollards and lollardy, it would
have been difficult for me to have chosen a field where scholars are more gen-
erous with their time and expertise, nor where colleagues work more collab-
oratively, rather than competitively, with one another. To those who have
been my teachers and mentors in the study of lollardy—Mishtooni Bose,
Anne Hudson, Stephen E. Lahey, Ian Christopher Levy, Fiona Somerset, Penn
Szittya, and most recently Michael Van Dussen—I express my enduring grati-
tude. I am also thankful to the two anonymous readers for the press for their
thoughtful, collegial, and challenging suggestions. Of course, any errors that
remain are my own.
Fiona Somerset asks me to thank Mary Raschko, Anne Hudson, David Watt,
and Fred Biggs for their assistance with her chapter, “Their Texts.”
For me, this volume could not have come to fruition without support from
my home academic institution. Fordham University provided a generous
semester-long Faculty Fellowship to assist with the writing of the first draft. At
various points, graduate students Amanda Alexander, John Garza, John Gleim,
Lindsey Mercer, John David Penniman, and Zachary Smith all contributed to
the tasks of tracking down references, helping to smooth the language of my
arguments, and preparing the typescript for the press. The Brothers of the
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viii Acknowledgements
Society of St. John the Evangelist—a monastic order so generous that I believe
lollards would have spared it from their critiques—provided extraordinary
hospitality as the final pages were being written.
Finally, my husband Patrick Bergquist has had to endure my talking about
this book for far too long, and has not once been anything other than encour-
aging and patient, in equal measure. I am more grateful than I can ever tell for
all his many gifts to me.
J. Patrick Hornbeck ii
July 31, 2015
Feast of St. Ignatius of Loyola
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